Good afternoon,

There are 323 citations in today’s scan. 176 were considered primary research or review literature.

Highlights today include:

CANADA

· Cavayas et al describe local characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients in Montreal in a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Montreal were similar to those reported in the existing literature. Authors found an increased physiologic dead space, supporting the hypothesis that pulmonary vascular injury may be central to COVID-19-induced lung damage.

PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS

· Prakash et al. standardized and pooled together the ensemble of lockdown and graded re-opening policies adopted by the 50 states of the USA in any given week between 9th March and 9th August. The authors built a predictive model for the weekly-averaged transmission rate of infections. Probing the predictions with interpretable artificial intelligence (AI) highlights how factors such as closing of bars or the use of masks influence transmission.

IPAC

· Haddow et al., modeled the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on apples, tomatoes, and jalapeño peppers at two temperatures following a low-dose aerosol exposure designed to simulate an airborne transmission event involving droplet nuclei. Infectious virus was not recovered postexposure.

EPIDMEIOLOGY

· Arbel et al: analyzed the potential relationships between different corona indicators and obesity on a statewide level in the USA. In an attempt to estimate projected probabilities for infection by coronavirus and mortality rates as a function of obesity prevalence, the fractional logit regression is employed. Findings may support the counter-intuitive possibility of an obesity survival paradox. Both projected rates of infection and mortality drop with elevated prevalence of obesity.

· He et al., found that second- and third-generation cases of COVID-19 have a lower risk of developing severe or critical illness than first-generation cases, based off imported cases in Zhejiang, China.

· García-Moncó et al report on neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a series of 35 patients for whom a neurological consultation was requested. The presenting neurologic manifestations on admission led to the diagnosis of COVID-19 in 14 patients (40%). Neurological disturbances represent a significant and severe burden in COVID-19 patients, and they can be the presenting condition that leads to the diagnosis of the viral infection in a high percentage of patients.

· Gómez-Carballa et al published a spatial-temporal analysis of genetic variation in the SARS-CoV-2 in Spain to reconstruct transmission patterns.  Their analysis suggested the likely first introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into Spain around February 11, 2020, at least 34 independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 to Spain at the beginning of the outbreak, with 6 very successful lineages (A2a4, A2a5 , A2a10, B3a, and B9), probably favored by superspreaders accounting for 87.9% of lineages in Spain.

· Gatalo et al published an analysis phone mobility data, finding that these indicators captured a small component of the behaviours associated with social distancing that reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the early stages of the pandemic. The absence of a strong correlation between mobility and case growth after the initial phase of the pandemic suggests that other individual level factors, such as wearing a mask or maintaining distance even when encountering individuals, are likely to be more important than mobility alone.

CLINICAL DATA

· Namasivayam et al. We discuss a 5-week-old male infant who presented atypically with severe COVID-19 infection. To our knowledge, he is the youngest reported case in the UK to require mechanical ventilation and intensive care treatment as a direct result of COVID-19 following horizontal transmission.

· Giacomet et al in an analysis of 127 pediatric SARS-CoV-2 cases found that gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with severe and critical illness an subsequent cardiac impairment

THERAPEUTICS

· Liu et al conducted a retrospective, propensity score–matched case–control study assessed the effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in 39 patients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 at The Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Oxygen requirements on day 14 after transfusion worsened in 17.9% of plasma recipients versus 28.2% of propensity score–matched controls who were hospitalized with COVID-19. Survival also improved in plasma recipients

DIAGNOSTICS

· Uwamino et al assessed the accuracy of RT-PCR analysis using multiple saliva samples. The authors conclude that saliva, especially collected within 10 days of symptom onset, can substitute the nasopharyngeal swab samples. Further, long-term storage of saliva samples did not affect test results, even in the presence of ribonuclease in saliva.

CORONAVIROLOGY

· Kanaan et al. To gain insight into the distribution of mutations in SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins (nsps) and structural proteins, authors analyzed protein sequences from the United States, Europe, China, and India, and determined the mutations with respect to Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate. In summary, from currently available structural, genetic and biochemical data, the higher infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutation is not fully understood.

· Sharma, et al. performed whole genome sequences for 26 SARS-CoV-2 circulating in 10 different districts in Madhya Pradesh State of India.  The cluster wise segregation was observed suggesting multiple introduction links and evolution of virus in the region.

PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE

· Wang et al retrospectively study data for WeChat Index, demonstrating the possibility of detecting outbreaks like COVID-19 quicker that traditional surveillance systems. WeChat Index is a data service that shows how frequent a specific keyword has appeared in posts, subscriptions, and search history over the last 90 days on WeChat, the most popular Chinese social media platform.

Regards,

Lisa Waddell, Tricia Corrin, Rukshanda Ahmad, Robyn Odell, Maribeth Mitri, Julie Theriault, Dobrila Todoric, Alejandra Dubois, Christina Bancej, Austyn Baumeister, Anam Khan, Musaab Younis, Lien Mi Tien, Dima Ayache, Angela Sloan, Kaitlin Young, Chatura Prematunge, Ainsley Otten, Irene Yong, Drew Greydanus, Shalane Ha, Alex Gilbert

Focus areas: Modelling/ prediction, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical data, Surveillance, Coronavirology, Diagnostics / Pathogen detection, Therapeutics, Vaccine Research, Public health interventions, Public Health response, Public Health Priorities, IPAC, Health care response, immunology, economics, animal model, zoonoses, Review Literature, Commentary/Editorial, news

Domaines cibles: Modélisation/prédiction, Épidémiologie, Transmission, Données cliniques, Surveillance, Coronavirologie, Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes, Thérapeutique, Recherche sur les vaccins, Interventions de santé publique, Priorités de santé publique, PCI, Réponse des soins de santé, immunologie, économie, modèle animal, zoonoses, Revue de littérature, Commentaire/Éditorial, journaux

PUBLICATIONS	AUTHORS / AUTEURS	SOURCE	FOCI / DOMAINE	SUMMARY / SOMMAIRE
Mortality Rate and Predictors of Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes	Acharya,  D,  Lee, et al	Healthcare (Basel)	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study was conducted to determine the mortality rate and identify risk factors of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes in Gyeongsangbuk-do province, South Korea.  Of the 324 patients, 55 (16.97%) had diabetes mellitus. The mean age of all study subjects was 55 years, and the mean age of those with diabetes was greater than that of those without (69.8 years vs. 51.9 years). Remarkably, the mortality rate was much higher among those with diabetes (20.0% vs. 4.8%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that an older age (≥70 years) and a high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels significantly predicted mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes.
Correlation of COVID-19 Pandemic with Healthcare System Response and Prevention Measures in Saudi Arabia	Adly,  HM,  AlJahdali, et al	Int J Environ Res Public Health	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	This study evaluated the spread of COVID-19 associated with preventive measures taken in Saudi Arabia and developed a detailed COVID-19 prevention strategy as a framework for the Saudi Arabia community. This study demonstrates that performing screening tests as early as possible to facilitate the rapid detection of infected cases, fast treatment, and instant isolation for suspected cases is the most definitive rejoinder for public health. Moreover, also revealed the significance of performing preventive measures in reducing infection and death rates around Saudi Arabia by 27%, while in other countries, it reduced the death rate ranging from 10-73%.
Effect of COVID-19 on computed tomography usage and critical test results in the emergency department: an observational study	Agarwal,  M,  Udare, et al	CMAJ Open	Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of computed tomography (CT) critical test results in the ED.  The median number of ED CT examinations per day was markedly lower during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic (82 v. 133, p < 0.01), with variation across hospitals (p = 0.001). On review of 1717 CT reports from Hamilton Health Sciences, fewer critical test results were demonstrated on CT pulmonary angiograms (43 v. 88, p < 0.001) and CT examinations of the head (82 v. 112, p < 0.03) during the pandemic than before the pandemic; however, the yield of these examinations did not change. Although the absolute number of all CT examinations with critical test results decreased, the number of CT examinations without critical results decreased more, resulting in a higher yield of CT for critical test results during the pandemic (46% 322/696] v. 37% 379/1021], p < 0.01).
Self-reported dental student stressors and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic	Agius,  AM,  Gatt, et al	J Dent Educ	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This study compared the influence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the student reported outcomes among dental students reading/studying different courses offered in the only dental school in Malta.  Dental technology students were significantly less stressed about contracting COVID-19 (P = 0.005) and regarding lack of preparation due to inability to physically go to the library (P = 0.019). Female students reported significantly more anxiety for the following factors: "feeling anxious all the time" (P = 0.033), "worried about contracting COVID-19'" (P = 0.012), "worried that a family member may contract COVID-19'" (P = 0.048), "more anxious about exams this year because of the challenges we are facing" (P = 0.029), and "concern about losing manual dexterity skills" (P = 0.038). Qualitative data gathered show considerable stress reported by students regarding changes in examination processes and formats and lack of timely communication.
PMC7466947; Fractional order mathematical modeling of COVID-19 transmission	Ahmad,  S,  Ullah, et al	Chaos Solitons Fractals	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	In this article, the mathematical model with different compartments for the transmission dynamics of coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is presented under the fractional-order derivative. Some results regarding the existence of at least one solution through fixed point results are derived. Then for the concerned approximate solution, the modified Euler method for fractional-order differential equations (FODEs) is utilized. Initially, we simulate the results by using some available data for different fractional-order to show the appropriateness of the proposed method. Further, we compare our results with some reported real data against confirmed infected and death cases per day for the initial 67 days in Wuhan city.
Clinical Characteristics of Severe Covid Pneumonia: Exploring New Trends in ICU	Akhtar,  Aftab,  Bano, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study describes the characteristics of ICU population admitted to ICU of Shifa International hospital, Pakistan. Prospectively analysed 74 patients which included 43.3% females and 56.7% males. Commonest symptoms were shortness of breath (94.5%), fever (74.3%) and cough (74.3%). Most of our study population consisted of non-smokers (79.7%) and had hypertension (59.4%) followed by diabetes (47.2%). Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin combination is superior to hydroxychloroquine and doxycycline in reducing mortality (p=0.023) whereas Doxycycline alone resulted in increased mortality (p=0.009). Those who did not require antibiotics or required only narrow spectrum antibiotics had increased survival and reduced requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation (p= 3.5 at time of admission, raised D-Dimers > 931 ng/ml, NLR > 9.2. It was further high in those who required invasive mechanical ventilation and vasopressor support (58.1% mortality p=< 0.001). ICU stay was more prolonged in those requiring invasive mechanical ventilation as compared to those who did not. (23 days vs 6 days, p=0.001).
PMC7483021; Perception and experience of academic Jordanian ophthalmologists with E-Learning for undergraduate course during the COVID-19 pandemic	Alqudah,  NM,  Jammal, et al	Ann Med Surg (Lond)	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This study evaluated the e-Learning experience among Jordanian academic ophthalmologists during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A total of 22 out of 23 academic ophthalmologists responded. Flexibility of e-Learning to time and place was a major advantage (95.5%), whereas lack of skills was the main obstacle for e-Learning (77.3%). Nineteen participants (86.4%) were not satisfied with e-Learning as the sole method for undergraduate teaching. To improve the original on-campus two-week ophthalmology course, 12 (54.5%) suggested integrating e-Learning into the curriculum, 3 (13.6%) preferred extending the period of training, and 7 (31.8%) reported that their tight schedule does not allow for more tasks.
Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting with COVID-19 infection	Ameer,  N,  Shekhda, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	This is a case report of a construction worker in his 30s who presented three times in 4 days with progressive upper and then lower limb weakness. On the first two occasions he had no systemic symptoms, but on the third presentation he had fever and cough, starting from day 4 of weakness. Examination identified weakness in all four limbs and areflexia, suggesting a peripheral neuromuscular disorder. Investigations were consistent with Guillain-Barré syndrome and additional COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The patient improved after immunoglobulin treatment. At least four cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome have been reported in the literature with concurrent COVID-19 illness in whom respiratory signs appeared a few days after the onset of neurological signs. With the incubation period for COVID-19 respiratory symptoms believed to be up to 14 days, it is possible that neurological symptoms could develop before respiratory and other symptoms.
Can reduction in infection and mortality rates from coronavirus be explained by an obesity survival paradox? An analysis at the US statewide level	Arbel,  Y,  Fialkoff, et al	Int J Obes (Lond)	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study analyzed the potential relationships between different corona indicators and obesity on a statewide level in the USA. Results demonstrate that the projected probability to be infected from coronavirus drops with a higher prevalence of obesity, from 62 per 10,000 persons in states whose population exhibits 20% prevalence of obesity to only 17 per 10,000 persons in those states whose population has a 38% prevalence of obesity. Moreover, the null hypothesis of no drop with obesity prevalence is rejected statistically at the 5% level (p = 0.0467). Finally, note that the 95% confidence interval spread around the projection is the highest for 20% prevalence of obesity (0.0007–0.0117) and drops considerably with an elevated prevalence of obesity. Results also demonstrated that projected probability of mortality from coronavirus drops with a higher prevalence of obesity: from 535 per 10,000 persons infected by coronavirus with a state population with a 20% prevalence of obesity to 346 per 10,000 persons in a state population with a 38% prevalence of obesity. Moreover, the null hypothesis of no drop with obesity prevalence is rejected statistically at the 10% level (p = 0.0733).
SARS-CoV-2 Encephalitis in a 20-year old Healthy Female	Babar,  A,  Lewandowski, et al	Pediatr Infect Dis J	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We report a 20-year-old female with SARS-CoV-2 encephalitis who presented with 4 days of upper respiratory symptoms, fevers and sudden acute altered mental status. An extensive work up led to the most likely cause for the neurologic decompensation to be viewed as SARS-CoV-2 symptomology.
Social Determinants of Health and COVID-19 Among Patients in New York City	Baidal,  Jennifer Woo,  Wang, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	This study examined patient demographic and neighborhood characteristics according to Covid-19 testing and disease outcomes. Among the 23,918 patients, higher proportions of those over 65 years old, male sex, Hispanic ethnicity, Medicare, or Medicaid insurance had positive tests, were hospitalized, or died than those with younger age, non-Hispanic ethnicity, or private insurance. Patients living in census tracts with more non-White individuals, Hispanic individuals, individuals in poverty, or housing crowding had higher proportions of Covid-19 positive tests, hospitalizations, and deaths than counterparts.
Generation of glucocorticoid resistant SARS-CoV-2 T-cells for adoptive cell therapy	Basar,  Rafet,  Uprety, et al	bioRxiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	We expanded SARS-CoV-2 T-cells from the peripheral blood of COVID-19-recovered donors and non-exposed controls using different culture conditions. We observed that the choice of cytokines modulates the expansion, phenotype and hierarchy of antigenic recognition by SARS-CoV-2 T-cells. Culture with IL-2/4/7 but not other cytokine-driven conditions resulted in >1000 fold expansion in SARS-CoV-2 T-cells with a retained phenotype, function and hierarchy of antigenic recognition when compared to baseline (pre-expansion) samples. Expanded CTLs were directed against structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including the receptor-binding domain of Spike. SARS-CoV-2 T-cells could not be efficiently expanded from the peripheral blood of non-exposed controls. Since corticosteroids are used for the management of severe COVID-19, we developed an efficient strategy to inactivate the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in SARS-CoV-2 CTLs using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing.
Clinical impact of COVID-19 in a single-center cohort of a prospective study in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy	Bersanelli,  M,  Zielli, et al	Immunotherapy	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and course of COVID-19 in cancer patients treated with immunotherapy. Among 53 patients, eight experienced influenza-like illness during the influenza season 2019/2020, and three of them had diagnosis of COVID-19. They were males, elderly, with cardiovascular disease. Radiological features of COVID-19 pneumonitis were found in all of three cases, although the pharyngeal swab resulted positive in only two. Two of these three patients died due to respiratory failure. Cancer patients are at high risk of severe events from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Endoscopy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Study from New York City	Blackett,  JW,  Kumta, et al	Dig Dis Sci	Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study aimed to compare findings, clinical outcomes, and patient characteristics of endoscopies performed during the pandemic in patients with and without COVID-19. This was a retrospective multicenter study of adult endoscopies at six academic hospitals in New York between March 16 and April 30, 2020. Six hundred and five endoscopies were performed on 545 patients during the study period. There were 84 (13.9%), 255 (42.2%), and 266 (44.0%) procedures on COVID-positive, negative, and untested patients, respectively. COVID patients were more likely to undergo endoscopy for gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrostomy tube placement, and COVID patients with gastrointestinal bleeding more often required hemostatic interventions on multivariable logistic regression. COVID patients had increased length of stay, intensive care unit admission, and intubation rate. Twenty-seven of 521 patients (5.2%) with no or negative COVID testing prior to endoscopy later tested positive, a median of 13.5 days post-procedure.
Contained aortic rupture in a term pregnant patient during the COVID-19 pandemic	Bogaert,  K,  Christensen, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	This case discusses the presentation and diagnosis of a patient with an acute contained thoracic aortic aneurysm rupture at 38 weeks of gestation, after presenting with throat pain and syncope during the COVID-19 pandemic. The patient underwent emergent caesarean delivery for non-reassuring fetal heart tracing, following which continued syncope workup revealed an aortic aneurysm and pericardial effusion.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients under investigation in Thailand	Bruminhent,  J,  Ruangsubvilai, et al	PLoS One	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We aimed to determine characteristics among all patients under investigation (PUIs) and those with and without COVID-19. We retrospectively reviewed clinical characteristics and risk factors for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases among PUIs at a tertiary care center in Bangkok, Thailand, between March 23 and April 7, 2020. There were 405 evaluable PUIs; 157 (38.8%) were men, with a mean age ± SD of 36.2 ± 12.6 years. The majority (68.9%) reported no comorbidities. There were 53 (13.1%) confirmed COVID-19 cases. Multivariate analysis identified close contact with an index case (OR, 3.49; 95%CI, 1.49-8.15; P = 0.004), visiting high-risk places (OR, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.03-3.56; P = 0.039), productive cough (OR, 2.03; 95%CI, 1.05-3.92; P = 0.034), and no medical coverage (OR, 3.91; 95%CI, 1.35-11.32; P = 0.012) as independent risk factors for COVID-19 among the PUIs. The majority had favorable outcomes, though one (1.9%) died from severe pneumonia.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis exposed to COVID-19: a family cluster report	Cai,  S,  Sun, et al	Mod Rheumatol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Abstract not available. Full text not available open access.
Zinc sulfate in combination with a zinc ionophore may improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients	Carlucci,  PM,  Ahuja, et al	J Med Microbiol	Clinical data| Données cliniques Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	This study aimed to compare outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients ordered to receive hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin plus zinc sulphate versus hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alone. This was a retrospective observational study. Patients taking zinc sulphate in addition to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin (n=411) and patients taking hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alone (n=521) did not differ in age, race, sex, tobacco use or relevant comorbidities. The addition of zinc sulphate did not impact the length of hospitalization, duration of ventilation or intensive care unit (ICU) duration. In univariate analyses, zinc sulphate increased the frequency of patients being discharged home, and decreased the need for ventilation, admission to the ICU and mortality or transfer to hospice for patients who were never admitted to the ICU. After adjusting for the time at which zinc sulphate was added to our protocol, an increased frequency of being discharged home (OR 1.53, 95 % CI 1.12-2.09) and reduction in mortality or transfer to hospice among patients who did not require ICU level of care remained significant (OR 0.449, 95 % CI 0.271-0.744).
Early experience with critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Montreal	Cavayas,  YA,  Noël, et al	Can J Anaesth	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study aimed to describe local characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients in Montreal. A single-centre retrospective cohort of consecutive adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal with confirmed COVID-19 were included. Between 20 March and 13 May 2020, 75 patients were admitted, with a median interquartile range (IQR) age of 62 53-72 yr and high rates of obesity (47%), hypertension (67%), and diabetes (37%). Healthcare-related infections were responsible for 35% of cases. The median IQR day 1 sequential organ failure assessment score was 6 3-7. Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) was used in 57% of patients for a median IQR of 11.5-22 days. Overall hospital mortality was 25%, and 21% in the IMV patients. Mortality was 82% in patients ≥ 80 yr old.
A population-level analysis of changes in diel rhythms and sleep and their association with negative emotions during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China	Chen,  Siyu,  Huang, et al	Research Square prepub	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	To assess the effects of the changes in diel rhythms and sleep and their association with negative emotions during the COVID-19 outbreak, a questionnaire was administered to 451 responders for analysis between January 20, 2020, and January 31, 2020, in China. We found that 34.6% of the participants reported diel rhythm disturbance. Moreover, 67.2% of the participants presented negative emotions regarding the pandemic situation, including worry, fear, downheartedness, anxiety, depression, and stupefaction; among them, worry was the most prevalent. Gender and age were significant factors for changes in the diel phases and emotions. There was a correlation between diel rhythm alterations and negative emotions. Three factors, i.e., the Spring Festival holiday, quarantines and concern regarding the pandemic situation, were associated with changes in diel rhythms, sleep, and negative emotions during the pandemic period. Holiday jet lag, quarantine (or community containment), and concerns regarding the pandemic situation had significant effects on diel rhythms, sleep and negative emotion in a substantial part of the population.
COVID-19-induced anosmia associated with olfactory bulb atrophy	Chiu,  A,  Fischbein, et al	Neuroradiology	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We present a novel case of COVID-19 anosmia with definitive olfactory bulb atrophy compared with pre-COVID imaging. The patient had prior MR imaging related to a history of prolactinoma that provided baseline volumes of her olfactory bulbs. After a positive diagnosis of COVID-19 and approximately 2 months duration of anosmia, an MRI was performed that showed clear interval olfactory bulb atrophy. This diagnostic finding is of prognostic importance and indicates that the olfactory entry point to the brain should be further investigated to improve our understanding of COVID infectious pathophysiology.
Naltrexone a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID-19	Choubey,  A,  Dehury, et al	J Biomol Struct Dyn	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	In this study, we report that the FDA-approved non-peptide opioid antagonist drug, naltrexone in low dose (LDN) suppresses high fat/LPS induced pro-inflammatory cytokine release both from macrophage cells and Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). LDN also showed activity as an ERK1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, virtual docking and simulation data also suggest LDN may disrupt the interaction of ACE2 with RBD. As a reliable COVID-19 vaccine is unlikely to available before the maximal infection of COVID-19 has occurred, it is essential to establish therapeutics for the COVID-19 patients, based on our data, we proposed FDA-approved LDN can be used in combination or as an adjuvants therapy to treat mild to moderate symptomatic COVID-19 patients.
LOX-1+ immature neutrophils predict severe COVID-19 patients at risk of thrombotic complications	Combadiere,  Behazine,  Adam, et al	bioRxiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We sought to investigate the representation of neutrophil subsets in severe and critical COVID-19 patients based on Intensive Care Units (ICU) and non-ICU admission. Our results showed that 80 percent of ICU patients develop strong myelemia with CD10-CD64+ immature neutrophils. Cellular profiling revealed two distinct neutrophil subsets expressing either the lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 (LOX‐1) or the Interleukin-3 receptor alpha (CD123), both significantly overrepresented in ICU patients compared to non-ICU patients. The proportion of LOX-1-expressing immature neutrophils positively correlated with clinical severity, with the cytokine storm (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα), and with intravascular coagulation. Importantly, high proportions of LOX-1+-immature neutrophils are associated with high risks of severe thrombosis.
Mining Google and Apple mobility data: Temporal Anatomy for COVID-19 Social Distancing	Cot,  Corentin,  Cacciapaglia, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	We employ the Google and Apple mobility data to identify, quantify and clas- sify different degrees of social distancing and characterise their imprint on the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and in the United States. We identify the period of enacted social distancing via Google and Apple data, in- dependently from the political decisions. Interestingly we observe a general decrease in the infection rate occurring two to five weeks after the onset of mobility reduction for the European countries and the American states.
Pathological Post Mortem Findings in Lungs Infected With Sars-Cov 2	Damiani,  S,  Fiorentino, et al	J Pathol	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We describe the lung pathological and immunohistochemical post-mortem findings at the autopsy of 9 patients who died of SARS-COV 2 associated disease. We found in the lung tissues of all patients histological changes consistent with diffuse alveolar damage in various evolution phases ranging from acute exudative to acute proliferative to fibrotic phase. Alveolar damage was associated a prominent involvement of the vascular component in both the interstitial capillaries and in the mid-size vessels, with capillary fibrin micro-thrombi, as well as organized thrombi even in medium sized arteries, in most cases not related to sources of embolism. Eosinophilic infiltrate was also seen, probably reactive to pharmacological treatment. Viral RNA of SARS-COV 2 was detected from the lung tissues of all the nine patients. Immunohistochemistry for the receptor of the SARS-COV 2, ACE2, and its priming activatorTMPRSS2 revealed that both proteins co-localize in airway cells. In particular, the ACE2 protein was expressed in both endothelial cells and alveolar type I and II pneumocytes in the areas of histological diffuse alveolar damage (DAD).
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 With Neurologic Manifestations in a Child: A Brief Report	De Paulis,  M,  Oliveira, et al	Pediatr Infect Dis J	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case report of a 7 year old child with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations.
Concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe neurologic involvement in a late preterm neonate	Di Nicola,  P,  Ceratto, et al	Neurology	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case report of an 18 day old neonate  with  severe neurological impairment occurred in presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and of mild symptoms attributable to COVID-19
CROssBAR: Comprehensive Resource of Biomedical Relations with Deep Learning Applications and Knowledge Graph Representations	Dogan,  Tunca,  Atas, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	We aimed to address this issue by constructing a new biological and biomedical data resource, CROssBAR, a comprehensive system that integrates large-scale biomedical data from various resources and store them in a new NoSQL database, enrich these data with deep-learning-based prediction of relations between numerous biomedical entities, rigorously analyse the enriched data to obtain biologically meaningful modules and display them to users via easy-to-interpret, interactive and heterogenous knowledge graph (KG) representations within an open access, user-friendly and online web-service at https://crossbar.kansil.org. As a use-case study, we constructed CROssBAR COVID-19 KGs (available at: https://crossbar.kansil.org/covid_main.php) that incorporate relevant virus and host genes/proteins, interactions, pathways, phenotypes and other diseases, as well as known and completely new predicted drugs/compounds. Our COVID-19 graphs can be utilized for a systems-level evaluation of relevant virus-host protein interactions, mechanisms, phenotypic implications and potential interventions.
Case-Control Study of Use of Personal Protective Measures and Risk for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection, Thailand	Doung-Ngern,  P,  Suphanchaimat, et al	Emerg Infect Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	We evaluated effectiveness of personal protective measures against severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Our case-control study included 211 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and 839 controls in Thailand. Cases were defined as asymptomatic contacts of COVID-19 patients who later tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; controls were asymptomatic contacts who never tested positive. Wearing masks all the time during contact was independently associated with lower risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with not wearing masks; wearing a mask sometimes during contact did not lower infection risk. We found the type of mask worn was not independently associated with infection and that contacts who always wore masks were more likely to practice social distancing. Maintaining >1 m distance from a person with COVID-19, having close contact for <15 minutes, and frequent handwashing were independently associated with lower risk for infection. Our findings support consistent wearing of masks, handwashing, and social distancing to protect against COVID-19.
Clinical characteristics of family-clustered onset of coronavirus disease 2019 in Jilin Province, China	Du,  N,  Jiang, et al	Virulence	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case series of a family cluster of 8 patients with COVID-19
Prolonged RNA shedding of the 2019 novel coronavirus in an asymptomatic patient with a VP shunt	El-Baba,  F,  Gabe, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case report of a 33 year old male  with paranoid schizophrenia and a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt was sent to our institution from an inpatient psychiatric facility due to concerns for the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19).
Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulin on the Course of Severe COVID-19: Results From a Retrospective Data Analysis of a Patient Cohort in Turkey Treated With or Without Octagam®	Esen,  Figen,  Özcan, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	We compared clinical outcomes and biomarkers in a Turkish cohort of patients with severe COVID-19 who were treated with the institution's standard of care (SOC), either alone or in combination with IVIG. Methods: Data from COVID-19 patients treated in two intensive care units at the University hospital of Istanbul was analyzed retrospectively.  Both groups were compared regarding baseline characteristics, survival, and changes in inflammation markers. Results:  . IVIG-treated patients were younger (means 65 vs. 71 years) and had slightly lower baseline disease scores . Overall survival (OS) was 61% in the IVIG and 38% in the control group. After controlling for imbalances at baseline, there was still a trend for better OS and a significantly longer median survival time with IVIG. IVIG significantly reduced CRP levels, but had no relevant effect on other inflammation markers.
Child with tuberculous meningitis and COVID-19 coinfection complicated by extensive cerebral sinus venous thrombosis	Essajee,  F,  Solomons, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case report of a 2 year old female with COVID-19 presenting with acute onset left-sided weakness and lethargy.
Levels of genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 virus: reducing speculations about the genetic variability of the virus in South America	Filho,  Cicero Batista do Nascimento,  Ramos, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	In this work, we evaluated the levels of genetic diversity in 38 complete Genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from six countries in South America, using specific methodologies for paired FST, AMOVA, mismatch, demographic and spatial expansions, molecular diversity and for the time of evolutionary divergence. The analyses showed non-significant evolutionary divergences within and between the six countries, as well as a significant similarity to the time of genetic evolutionary divergence between all populations. Thus, it seems safe to affirm that we will find similar results for the other Countries of South America, reducing speculation about the existence of rapid and silent mutations that, although there are as we have shown in this work, do not increase, until this moment, the genetic variability of the Virus, a fact that would hinder the work with molecular targets for vaccines and drugs in general.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
Derivation and validation of the clinical prediction model for COVID-19	Foieni,  F,  Sala, et al	Intern Emerg Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	The epidemic phase of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) made the Worldwide health system struggle against a severe interstitial pneumonia requiring high-intensity care settings for respiratory failure. A rationalisation of resources and a specific treatment path were necessary. The study suggests a predictive model drawing on clinical data gathered by 119 consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted in Busto Arsizio hospital. We derived a score that identifies the risk of clinical evolution and in-hospital mortality clustering patients into four groups. The study outcomes have been compared across the derivation and validation samples. The prediction rule is based on eight simple patient characteristics that were independently associated with study outcomes. It is able to stratify COVID-19 patients into four severity classes, with in-hospital mortality rates of 0% in group 1, 6-12.5% in group 2, 7-20% in group 3 and 60-86% in group 4 across the derivation and validation sample. The prediction model derived in this study identifies COVID-19 patients with low risk of in-hospital mortality and ICU admission. The prediction model that the study presents identifies COVID-19 patients with low risk of in-hospital mortality and admission to ICU. Moreover, it establishes an intermediate portion of patients that should be treated accurately in order to avoid an unfavourable clinical evolution. A further validation of the model is important before its implementation as a decision-making tool to guide the initial management of patients.
Association Between Public Knowledge About COVID-19, Trust in Information Sources, and Adherence to Social Distancing: Cross-Sectional Survey	Fridman,  I,  Lucas, et al	JMIR Public Health Surveill	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	BACKGROUND: The success of behavioral interventions and policies designed to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic depends on how well individuals are informed about both the consequences of infection and the steps that should be taken to reduce the impact of the disease. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between public knowledge about COVID-19, adherence to social distancing, and public trust in government information sources (eg, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), private sources (eg, FOX and CNN), and social networks (eg, Facebook and Twitter) to inform future policies related to critical information distribution. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey (N=1243) between April 10 and 14, 2020. Data collection was stratified by US region and other demographics to ensure representativeness of the sample. RESULTS: Government information sources were the most trusted among the public. However, we observed trends in the data that suggested variations in trust by age and gender. White and older populations generally expressed higher trust in government sources, while non-White and younger populations expressed higher trust in private sources (eg, CNN) and social networks (eg, Twitter). Trust in government sources was positively associated with accurate knowledge about COVID-19 and adherence to social distancing. However, trust in private sources (eg, FOX and CNN) was negatively associated with knowledge about COVID-19. Similarly, trust in social networks (eg, Facebook and Twitter) was negatively associated with both knowledge and adherence to social distancing. CONCLUSIONS: During pandemics such as the COVID-19 outbreak, policy makers should carefully consider the quality of information disseminated through private sources and social networks. Furthermore, when disseminating urgent health information, a variety of information sources should be used to ensure that diverse populations have timely access to critical knowledge.
Regulatory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are negatively correlated with CD4(+) /CD8(+) T cell ratios in patients acutely infected with SARS-CoV-2	Gao,  M,  Liu, et al	J Leukoc Biol	Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	Regulatory T cell can protect against severe forms of coronaviral infections attributable to host inflammatory responses. But its role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is still unclear. In this study, frequencies of total and multiple subsets of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and discharged individuals were analyzed using a multicolor flow cytometry assay. Plasma concentration of IL-10 was measured using a microsphere-based immunoassay kit. Comparing to healthy controls, the frequencies of total lymphocytes and T cells decreased significantly in both acutely infected COVID-19 patients and discharged individuals. The frequencies of total lymphocytes correlated negatively with the frequencies of CD3(-) CD56(+) NK cells. The frequencies of regulatory CD8(+) CD25(+) T cells correlated with CD4(+) /CD8(+) T cell ratios positively, while the frequencies of regulatory CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(-) T cells correlated negatively with CD4(+) /CD8(+) T cell ratios. Ratios of CD4(+) /CD8(+) T cells increased significantly in patients beyond age of 45 years. And accordingly, the frequencies of regulatory CD8(+) CD25(+) T cells were also found significantly increased in these patients. Collectively, the results suggest that regulatory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells may play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Moreover, the data indicate that NK cells might contribute to the COVID-19 associated lymphopenia.
Clinical Course of COVID-19 Infection in Patients Urgently Operated of Cardiac Surgical Procedures	Garatti,  A,  Castelvecchio, et al	Ann Surg	Clinical data| Données cliniques	OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical course of a consecutive series of patients operated of urgent cardiac surgery during COVID-19 outbreak. BACKGROUND: In Italy, COVID outbreak has mostly occurred in the metropolitan area of Milan, and in the surrounding region of Lombardy, and previously "conventional" hospitals were converted into COVID spokes to increase ICU beds availability, and to allow only urgent CS procedures. METHODS: Among urgent CS patients (left main stenosis with unstable angina, acute endocarditis, valvular regurgitation with impending heart failure), 10 patients (mean age = 57 ± 9 years), despite a negative admission triage, developed COVID-pneumonia postoperatively, at a median of 7 days after CS. RESULTS: Patients showed typical lymphopenia, higher prothrombotic profile, and higher markers of inflammation (ferritin and interleukin-6 values). At the zenith of pulmonary distress, patients presented with severe hypoxia (median PaO2/FIO2 ratio = 116), requiring advanced noninvasive ventilation (Venturi mask and continuous positive airway pressure) in the majority of cases. All patients were treated with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and low-molecular-weight heparin at anticoagulant dose. Overall in-hospital mortality was 10% (1/10), peaking 25% in patients who developed COVID pneumonia immediately after CS. The remaining patients, with late infection, were all discharged home without oxygen support, at a median of 25 days after symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS: As postoperative mortality in case of COVID pneumonia is not negligible, meticulous rules (precise triage, safe hospital path, high level of protection for health-care teams, prompt diagnosis of suspicious symptoms) should be strictly followed in patients undergoing CS during COVID pandemic. The role of therapies alternative to CS should be further assessed.
"Assessment of risk scores in covid-19"	García Clemente,  MM,  Herrero Huertas, et al	Int J Clin Pract	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	OBJECTIVE: To analyze the accuracy of commonly used risk scores (PSI and CURB-65) in predicting mortality and need for ICU admission in Covid-19. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of patients diagnosed with covid-19 pneumonia. Patients were followed until home discharge or death. PSI, CURB-65, SMART-COP and MuLBSTA severity scores were assessed on admission. Risk scores were related to mortality and ICU admission. RESULTS: 249 patients, 143 males (57.4%) were included. The mean age was 65.6 + 16.1 years. Factors associates with mortality in the multivariate analysis were age > 80 years (OR: 13.9; 95%CI 3.8-51.1) (p=0.000), lymphocytes  500 pg/mL (OR: 10.1; CI95% 1.1-63.1)(p=0.039). In predicting mortality, the PSI score: AUC 0.874 (95% CI 0.808-0.939) and the CURB-65 score: AUC 0.852 (95% CI 0.794-0.909) were the ones that obtained the best results. In the need for ICU admission, the SMART-COP score: AUC 0.749 (95% CI 0.695-0.820) and the MuLBSTA score: AUC 0.777 (95% CI 0.713-0.840) were the ones that obtained better results, with significant differences with PSI and CURB-65. The scores with the lowest value for ICU admission prediction were PSI with AUC of 0.620 (95% CI 0.549-0.690) and CURB-65 with AUC of 0.604 (95% CI 0.528-0.680). CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis scores routinely used for CAP (PSI and CURB-65) were good predictors for mortality in patients with covid-19 CAP but not for need of hospitalization or ICU admission. In the evaluation of covid-19 pneumonia, we need scores that allow to decide the appropriate level of care.
Neurological reasons for consultation and hospitalization during the COVID-19 pandemic	García-Moncó,  JC,  Cabrera-Muras, et al	Neurol Sci	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	BACKGROUND: COVID-19 disease affects the nervous system and led to an increase in neurological consults for patients at admission and through the period of hospitalization during the peak of the pandemic. METHODS: Patients with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 that required a neurologic consultation or those who presented with neurological problems on admission that led to a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection during a 2-month period at the peak of the pandemic were included in this study. Demographic and clinical variables were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were included. The presenting neurologic manifestations on admission led to the diagnosis of COVID-19 in 14 patients (40%). The most common reasons for consultation during the hospitalization period were stroke (11), encephalopathy (7), seizures (6), and neuropathies (5) followed by a miscellaneous of syncope (2), migraine (1), anosmia (1), critical illness myopathy (1), and exacerbation of residual dysarthria (1). The most common neurological disturbances were associated with severe disease except for neuropathies. Patients with encephalopathies and seizures had markedly increased D-dimer and ferritin values, even higher than stroke patients. RT-PCR was performed in 8 CSF samples and was negative in all of them. CONCLUSION: Neurological disturbances represent a significant and severe burden in COVID-19 patients, and they can be the presenting condition that leads to the diagnosis of the viral infection in a high percentage of patients. Evidence of direct viral mechanisms was scarce, but the pathogenesis of the diverse manifestations remains enigmatic.
Associations between phone mobility data and COVID-19 cases	Gatalo,  Oliver,  Tseng, et al	The Lancet Infectious Diseases	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Analysis using three social distancing metrics created from phone mobility data provided by the Unacast Social Distancing Scorecard: the daily distance difference and two Unacast metrics that measure changes in visits to non-essential places and encounter density.Using the daily distance difference metric, we identified a strong correlation between decreased mobility and reduced COVID-19 case growth between March 27 and April 20, 2020. The other two metrics showed similarly strong correlations).
Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Severe COVID-19 Children	Giacomet,  V,  Barcellini, et al	Pediatr Infect Dis J	Clinical data| Données cliniques	There are growing evidence of clinical manifestations other than acute respiratory syndrome in severe acute respiratory syndrome associated with coronavirus 2-infected children. In our multicenter retrospective analysis, we observed among 127 severe acute respiratory syndrome associated with coronavirus 2 positive children that the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms was more frequently associated with severe and critical phenotype (P = 0.029). Moreover, having gastrointestinal symptoms was more frequently reported in patients who developed cardiac impairment.
Probative Value of the D-Dimer Assay for Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Syndrome	Gibson,  CJ,  Alqunaibit, et al	Crit Care Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	OBJECTIVES: To describe the predictive utility of the D-dimer assay among patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome for unprovoked lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. DESIGN: Prospective observational study with retrospective data analysis. SETTING: Academic medical center surgical ICU. PATIENTS: Seventy-two intubated patients with critical illness from coronavirus disease 2019. INTERVENTIONS: Therapeutic anticoagulation after imaging diagnosis of the first three deep venous thrombosis cases was confirmed; therapeutic anticoagulation as prophylaxis thereafter to all subsequent ICU admissions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-two patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 were screened for deep venous thrombosis after ICU admission with 102 duplex ultrasound examinations, with 12 cases (16.7%) of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis identified. There were no differences between groups with respect to age, renal function, or biomarkers except for D-dimer (median, 12,858 ng/mL interquartile range, 3,176-30,770 ng/mL] for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis vs 2,087 ng/mL interquartile range, 638-3,735 ng/mL] for no evidence of deep venous thrombosis; p < 0.0001). Clinical screening tools (Wells score and Dutch Primary Care Rule) had no utility. The C-statistic for D-dimer concentration was 0.874 ± 0.065. At the model-predicted cutoff value of 3,000 ng/mL, sensitivity was 100%, specificity was 51.1%, positive predictive value was 21.8%, and negative predictive value was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis is prevalent in coronavirus disease 2019 disease and can be present on ICU admission. Screening has been recommended in the context of the pro-inflammatory, hypercoagulable background milieu. D-dimer concentrations are elevated in nearly all coronavirus disease 2019 patients, and the test appears reliable for screening for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis at or above a concentration of 3,000 ng/mL (more than 13-fold above the normal range). Full anticoagulation is indicated if the diagnosis is confirmed, and therapeutic anticoagulation should be considered for prophylaxis, as all coronavirus disease 2019 patients are at increased risk.
COVID-19 in Patients with Hematologic Disorders Undergoing Therapy: Perspective of a Large Referral Hematology Center in Rome	Girmenia,  C,  Gentile, et al	Acta Haematol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	To investigate whether patients with hematologic diseases undergoing therapy are at increased risk for acquiring SARS CoV-2 infection compared to the general population, a retrospective study was carried out at a referral hematologic center in Rome, Italy, during the period of the greatest epidemic spread (March 8 to May 14, 2020).  Overall, 2,513 patients with hematological diseases were considered. Out of 243 (9.7%) patients who were screened for SARS CoV-2, three of 119 (2.5%) outpatients with fever or respiratory symptoms and none of 124 asymptomatic patients were diagnosed with COVID-19.   As of May 14, 2020, the prevalence of COVID-19 in our hematologic population accounted for 0.24% (95% CI 0.23-0.25; 6 of 2,513 patients: 1 case in every 419 patients) as compared to 0.12% (7,280 of 5,879,082 residents; 1 case in every 807 residents) in the general population (p = 0.14). Three of 6 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 required critical care and 2 died while still positive for SARS CoV-2. Out of 225 healthcare providers on duty at our Institution during the study period, 2 (0.9%) symptomatic cases were diagnosed with COVID-19
Phylogeography of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Spain: a story of multiple introductions, micro-geographic stratification, founder effects, and super-spreaders	Gómez-Carballa,  AA,  Bello, et al	Zool Res	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Spain has been one of the main global pandemic epicenters for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we analyzed >41 000 genomes (including >26 000 high-quality (HQ) genomes) downloaded from the GISAID repository, including 1 245 (922 HQ) sampled in Spain. The aim of this study was to investigate genome variation of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and reconstruct phylogeographic and transmission patterns in Spain. Phylogeographic analysis suggested at least 34 independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 to Spain at the beginning of the outbreak. Six lineages spread very successfully in the country, probably favored by super-spreaders, namely, A2a4 (7.8%), A2a5 (38.4%), A2a10 (2.8%), B3a (30.1%), and B9 (8.7%), which accounted for 87.9% of all genomes in the Spanish database. One distinct feature of the Spanish SARS-CoV-2 genomes was the higher frequency of B lineages (39.3%, mainly B3a+B9) than found in any other European country. While B3a, B9, (and an important sub-lineage of A2a5, namely, A2a5c) most likely originated in Spain, the other three haplogroups were imported from other European locations. The B3a strain may have originated in the Basque Country from a B3 ancestor of uncertain geographic origin, whereas B9 likely emerged in Madrid. The time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of SARS-CoV-2 suggested that the first coronavirus entered the country around 11 February 2020, as estimated from the TMRCA of B3a, the first lineage detected in the country. Moreover, earlier claims that the D614G mutation is associated to higher transmissibility is not consistent with the very high prevalence of COVID-19 in Spain when compared to other countries with lower disease incidence but much higher frequency of this mutation (56.4% in Spain vs. 82.4% in rest of Europe). Instead, the data support a major role of genetic drift in modeling the micro-geographic stratification of virus strains across the country as well as the role of SARS-CoV-2 super-spreaders.
Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycan shield reveals implications for immune recognition	Grant,  OC,  Montgomery, et al	Sci Rep	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Here we have generated 3D structures of glycoforms of the spike (S) glycoprotein from SARS-CoV-2, based on reported 3D structures and glycomics data for the protein produced in HEK293 cells. We also analyze structures for glycoforms representing those present in the nascent glycoproteins (prior to enzymatic modifications in the Golgi), as well as those that are commonly observed on antigens present in other viruses. These models were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to determine the extent to which glycan microheterogeneity impacts the antigenicity of the S glycoprotein. Lastly, we have identified peptides in the S glycoprotein that are likely to be presented in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexes, and discuss the role of S protein glycosylation in potentially modulating the innate and adaptive immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or to a related vaccine. The 3D structures show that the protein surface is extensively shielded from antibody recognition by glycans, with the notable exception of the ACE2 receptor binding domain, and also that the degree of shielding is largely insensitive to the specific glycoform. Despite the relatively modest contribution of the glycans to the total molecular weight of the S trimer (17% for the HEK293 glycoform) they shield approximately 40% of the protein surface.
Effects of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in "High Compliance" Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome	Grasso,  S,  Mirabella, et al	Crit Care Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Our data suggest that the "higher" positive end-expiratory pressure approach in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 acute respiratory distress syndrome and high compliance improves oxygenation and lung aeration but may result in alveolar hyperinflation and hemodynamic alterations.
Political partisanship influences behavioral responses to governors' recommendations for COVID-19 prevention in the United States	Grossman,  G,  Kim, et al	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Voluntary physical distancing is essential for preventing the spread of COVID-19. We assessed the role of political partisanship in individuals' compliance with physical distancing recommendations of political leaders using data on mobility from a sample of mobile phones in 3,100 counties in the United States during March 2020, county-level partisan preferences, information about the political affiliation of state governors, and the timing of their communications about COVID-19 prevention. Regression analyses examined how political preferences influenced the association between governors' COVID-19 communications and residents' mobility patterns. Governors' recommendations for residents to stay at home preceded stay-at-home orders and led to a significant reduction in mobility that was comparable to the effect of the orders themselves. Effects were larger in Democratic- than in Republican-leaning counties, a pattern more pronounced under Republican governors. Democratic-leaning counties also responded more strongly to recommendations from Republican than from Democratic governors. Political partisanship influences citizens' decisions to voluntarily engage in physical distancing in response to communications by their governor.
Temporal relationship between serial RT-PCR results and serial chest CT imaging, and serial CT changes in coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a descriptive study of 155 cases in China	Gu,  J,  Yang, et al	Eur Radiol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	Chest CT detected COVID-19 pneumonia earlier than the RT-PCR results and can be used to monitor disease course. Combining imaging features with epidemiology history and clinical information could facilitate the early diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia.
Characteristics, interventions and longer-term outcomes of COVID-19 ICU patients in Denmark - a nationwide, observational study	Haase,  N,  Plovsing, et al	Acta Anaesthesiol Scand	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	In this nationwide, population-based cohort of ICU patients with COVID-19, longer-term survival was high despite high age and substantial use of organ support. Male gender, age and chronic co-morbidities, in particular chronic pulmonary disease, were associated with increased risk of death.
Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on Produce following a Low-Dose Aerosol Exposure	Haddow,  AD,  Watt, et al	Am J Trop Med Hyg	Transmission Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI)	Survival on Fruits and Vegetables: We modeled the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on apples, tomatoes, and jalapeño peppers at two temperatures following a low-dose aerosol exposure designed to simulate an airborne transmission event involving droplet nuclei. Infectious virus was not recovered postexposure.
To defer or not to defer? A German longitudinal multicentric assessment of clinical practice in urology during the COVID-19 pandemic	Harke,  NN,  Radtke, et al	PLoS One	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The German urological landscape has changed since the outbreak of COVID-19 with a significant shift of high priority surgeries but also continuation of elective surgical treatments. While screening and staff protection is employed heterogeneously, the number of infected German urologists stays low.
Rapid integration of home telehealth visits amidst COVID-19: what do older adults need to succeed?	Hawley,  CE,  Genovese, et al	J Am Geriatr Soc	Public Health Priorities| Priorités de santé publique Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	We identified patient-perceived barriers to home telehealth visits and classified patients into four phenotypes based on these barriers. Using principles of implementation science, our home telehealth pilot addressed these barriers, and all patients successfully completed a visit. Future study is needed to understand methods to deploy larger-scale efforts to integrate home telehealth visits into the care of older adults.
Multicentre prospective study of COVID-19 transmission following outpatient GI endoscopy in the UK	Hayee,  B,  East, et al	Gut	Transmission Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This prospective multicentre study of 6208 patients provides a clear indication that GI endoscopy can be safely performed in the recovery phase of COVID-19, when a COVID-minimised pathway is instituted.
Risk of severe coronavirus disease in imported and secondary cases in Zhejiang province, China	He,  F,  Shang, et al	J Public Health (Oxf)	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Second- and third-generation cases of COVID-19 have a lower risk of developing severe or critical illness than first-generation cases, based off imported cases in Zhejiang, China.
Characterization of codon usage pattern in SARS-CoV-2	Hou,  W	Virol J	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	In this study we perform bioinformatic analysis, based on publicly available nucleotide sequences of SARS-CoV-2 along with those of other members of human coronaviruses as well as non-human coronaviruses in different hosts, to take a snapshot of the genome-wide codon usage pattern of SARS-CoV-2 and uncover that all over-represented codons end with A/U and this newly emerging coronavirus has a relatively low codon usage bias, which is shaped by both mutation pressure and natural selection.
Estimating Asymptomatic and Undetected Cases in the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan	Huo,  Xi,  Chen, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Transmission Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	We conclude that the control of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan was achieved via the enforcement of a combination of multiple NPIs: the lockdown on Jan 23, the stay-at-home order on Feb 2, the massive isolation of all symptomatic individuals via newly constructed special shelter hospitals on Feb 6, and the large scale screening process on Feb 18. Our results indicate that the population in Wuhan is far away from establishing herd immunity and provide insights for other affected countries and regions in designing control strategies and adjusting reopen plans.
The Use and Acceptance of Telemedicine in Orthopedic Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Hurley,  ET,  Haskel, et al	Telemed J E Health	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The purpose of the study is to evaluate satisfaction associated with telemedicine and to determine how telemedicine is used by orthopedic surgeons in response to social distancing efforts necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study established that physician implementation of telemedicine has increased significantly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the majority of surgeons satisfied with its use in their practice, and plan on incorporating telemedicine in their practices beyond the pandemic.
Infodemiological study to understand the community risk perceptions of COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea	Husnayain,  A,  Shim, et al	J Med Internet Res	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Authors attempted to explore patterns of community health risk perceptions of COVID-19 in South Korea using Internet search data. The use of both Google Trends (GT) and NAVER relative search volumes (RSVs) to explore patterns of community health risk perceptions could be beneficial for targeting risk communication from several perspectives, including time, population characteristics, and location.
The propagation of economic impacts through supply chains: The case of a mega-city lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19	Inoue,  H,  Todo, et al	PLoS One	Economics | Économie	This study quantifies the economic effect of a possible lockdown of Tokyo to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The negative effect of such a lockdown may propagate to other regions through supply chains because of supply and demand shortages. Applying an agent-based model to the actual supply chains of nearly 1.6 million firms in Japan, we simulate what would happen to production activities outside Tokyo if production activities that are not essential to citizens' survival in Tokyo were shut down for a certain period. We find that if Tokyo were locked down for a month, the indirect effect on other regions would be twice as large as the direct effect on Tokyo, leading to a total production loss of 27 trillion yen in Japan or 5.2% of the country's annual GDP. Although the production that would be shut down in Tokyo accounts for 21% of the total production in Japan, the lockdown would result in an 86% reduction of the daily production in Japan after one month.
Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on OCD symptoms among university students: a prospective survey	Ji,  G,  Yue, et al	J Med Internet Res	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study aimed to examine if fear of negative events affects the score of Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) in a COVID-19-fear-invoke environment. Our findings indicated that the fear of COVID-19 was associated with the increase of Y-BOCS score, suggesting that environment x psychology interaction might be involved in OCD and that a fear of negative events might play a role in the etiology of OCD.
Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study	Jia,  R,  Ayling, et al	BMJ Open	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Authors examined short-term consequences for mental health, as reported during the first 4-6 weeks of social distancing measures being introduced. Increased psychological morbidity was evident in this UK sample and found to be more common in younger people, women and in individuals who identified as being in recognized COVID-19 risk groups.
Transmissibility and Epidemicity of COVID-19 in India: A Case Study	Jinila,  BY,  Shyry, et al	Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Transmission	Authors discuss the epidemiological characteristics of patients in Kerala, South India and the possible transmission of COVID-19 from asymptomatic members to other peers are shown using certain cases. It was concluded that there is a possibility of COVID-19 transmission even during incubation period. The preventive measures to overcome COVID-19 and methods to increase the immunity are discussed.
A Multicentered Study on Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 37 Neonates With Community-acquired COVID-19	Kanburoglu,  MK,  Tayman, et al	Pediatr Infect Dis J	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Authors set out to define the clinical characteristics, risk factors, laboratory, and imagining results of neonates with community-acquired COVID-19. Symptomatic neonates with COVID-19 had high rates of respiratory support requirements. High CRP levels or a greater PT should alert the physician to more severe disease.
Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2: there Is Something More than D614G?	Kannan,  SR,  Spratt, et al	J Neuroimmune Pharmacol	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	To gain insight into the distribution of mutations in SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins (nsps) and structural proteins, authors analyzed protein sequences from the United States, Europe, China, and India, and determined the mutations with respect to Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate. In summary, from currently available structural, genetic and biochemical data, the higher infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutation is not fully understood.
Optimization of hydroxychloroquine dosing scheme based on COVID-19 patients' characteristics: a review of the literature and simulations	Karatza,  E,  Ismailos, et al	Xenobiotica	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Population pharmacokinetic models were retrieved from the literature and after evaluation and assessment one was selected in order to perform simulations. Model-based simulations of HCQ concentrations revealed that high initial doses followed by low and sparse doses may offer significant benefits to patients by decreasing the viral load without reaching levels considered to produce adverse effects. For instance, the dosing scheme proposed for a 70kg adult with moderate COVID-19 symptoms would be 600mg upon diagnosis, 400mg after 12h, 300mg after 24h, 200mg after 36h, followed by 200mg BID for 4 days, followed by 200mg OD for 5 days. Based on the results from simulations performed and the currently published knowledge regarding HCQ in COVID-19 treatment, this study provides evidence that a high loading dose followed by sparse doses could offer significant benefits to the patients.
Prevalence and clinical features of COVID-19 in Iranian patients with congenital coagulation disorders	Karimi,  M,  Haghpanah, et al	Blood Transfus	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	In this letter to the editor, authors described how they investigated the prevalence and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with inherited coagulation disorders compared to the general population of Iran. Results show that all types of congenital coagulation disorders may develop COVID-19 and that in these patients, symptoms were relatively mild and seldom warranted hospital admission.
A quadruple blind, randomised controlled trial of gargling agents in reducing intraoral viral load among hospitalised COVID-19 patients: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial	Khan,  FR,  Kazmi, et al	Trials	RCT	The objectives of this study were to compare the effectiveness of 1% Hydrogen peroxide, 0.2% Povidone-Iodine, 2% hypertonic saline and a novel solution Neem extract (Azardirachta indica) in reducing intra-oral viral load in COVID-19 positive patients, and to determine the salivary cytokine profiles of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL- 17 among COVID-19 patients subjected to 1% Hydrogen peroxide, 0.2% Povidone-Iodine, 2% hypertonic saline or Neem extract (Azardirachta indica) based gargles.
In silico modeling of small molecule carboxamides as inhibitors of SARS-CoV 3CL protease: An approach towards combating COVID-19	Khan,  PM,  Kumar, et al	Comb Chem High Throughput Screen	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Authors have developed a QSAR model to predict inhibitory activity of small molecule carboxamides against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CLpro enzyme. The derived model may be useful to predict the inhibitory activity of small molecules within the applicability domain of the model only based on the chemical structure information prior to their synthesis and testing.
Proposal of selective wedge instillation of pulmonary surfactant for COVID-19 pneumonia based on computational fluid dynamics simulation	Kitaoka,  Hiroko,  Kobayashi, et al	Research Square prepub	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Background: The most important target cell of SARS-CoV-2 is Type II pneumocyte which produces and secretes pulmonary surfactant (PS) that prevents alveolar collapse. PS instillation therapy is dramatically effective for infant respiratory distress syndrome but has been clinically ineffective for ARDS. Nowadays, ARDS is regarded as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema with vascular hyper-permeability regardless of direct relation to PS dysfunction. However, there is a possibility that the ineffectiveness of PS instillation for ARDS is due to insufficient delivery. Then, we performed PS instillation simulation with realistic human airway models by the use of computational fluid dynamics, and investigated how instilled PS would move in the liquid layer covering the airway wall and reach to alveolar regions. Methods: Two types of 3D human airway model were prepared: One was from the trachea to lobular bronchi and the other was from a sub-segmental bronchus to respiratory bronchioles. Thickness of the liquid layer covering the airway was assigned as 14 % of the inner radius of the airway segment. Initially existing liquid layer was assumed to be replaced by instilled PS. Flow rate of instilled PS was assigned a constant value, which was determined by the total amount and instillation time in clinical use. The PS concentration of the liquid layer during instillation was computed by solving advective-diffusion equation. Results: The driving pressure from the trachea to respiratory bronchioles was calculated at 317 cmH2O, which is about 20 times of a standard value in conventional PS instillation method where the driving pressure is given by difference between inspiratory and end-expiratory pressures of a ventilator. It means that almost all PS would not reach alveolar regions but move to and fro within the airway according to the change of ventilator pressure. On the other hand, the driving pressure from sub-segmental bronchus was calculated at 273 cm H2O, that is clinically possible by wedge instillation under bronchoscopic observation. Conclusions: The simulation study has revealed that selective wedge instillation under bronchoscopic observation should be tried for COVID-19 pneumonia even before ARDS. It will be also useful for preventing secondary lung fibrosis.
Deep Transparent Prediction through Latent Representation Analysis	Kollias,  D,  B	arXiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	The paper presents a novel deep learning approach, which extracts latent information from trained Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and derives concise representations that are analyzed in an effective, unified way for prediction purposes. It is well known that DNNs are capable of analyzing complex data; however, they lack transparency in their decision making, in the sense that it is not straightforward to justify their prediction, or to visualize the features on which the decision was based. Moreover, they generally require large amounts of data in order to learn and become able to adapt to different environments. This makes their use difficult in healthcare, where trust and personalization are key issues. Transparency combined with high prediction accuracy are the targeted goals of the proposed approach. It includes both supervised DNN training and unsupervised learning of latent variables extracted from the trained DNNs. Domain Adaptation from multiple sources is also presented as an extension, where the extracted latent variable representations are used to generate predictions in other, non-annotated, environments. Successful application is illustrated through a large experimental study in various fields: prediction of Parkinson's disease from MRI and DaTScans; prediction of COVID-19 and pneumonia from CT scans and X-rays; optical character verification in retail food packaging.
The Anti-histamine Azelastine, Identified by Computational Drug Repurposing, Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Reconstituted Human Nasal Tissue In Vitro	Konrat,  Robert,  Papp, et al	bioRxiv	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is an enormous threat for healthcare systems and economies worldwide that urgently demands effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. Unlike the development of vaccines and new drugs specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2, repurposing of approved or clinically tested drugs can provide an immediate solution. Methods: We applied a novel computational approach to search among approved and clinically tested drugs from the DrugBank database. Candidates were selected based on Shannon entropy homology and predefined activity profiles of three small molecules with proven anti-SARS-CoV activity and a published data set. Antiviral activity of a predicted drug, azelastine, was tested in vitro in SARS-CoV-2 infection assays with Vero E6 monkey kidney epithelial cells and reconstituted human nasal tissue. The effect on viral replication was assessed by quantification of viral genomes by droplet digital PCR. Findings: The computational approach with four independent queries identified major drug families, most often and in overlapping fashion anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-histamine and neuroactive drugs. Azelastine, an histamine 1 receptor-blocker, was predicted in multiple screens, and based on its attractive safety profile and availability in nasal formulation, was selected for experimental testing. Azelastine significantly reduced cytopathic effect and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells with an EC50 of ~6 μM both in a preventive and treatment setting. Furthermore, azelastine in a commercially available nasal spray tested at 5-fold dilution was highly potent in inhibiting viral propagation in SARS-CoV-2 infected reconstituted human nasal tissue. Interpretations: Azelastine, an anti-histamine, available in nasal sprays developed against allergic rhinitis may be considered as a topical prevention or treatment of nasal colonization with SARS-CoV-2. As such, it could be useful in reducing viral spread and prophylaxis of COVID-19. Ultimately, its potential benefit should be proven in clinical studies. Funding: provided by the Hungarian government to the National Laboratory of Virology and by CEBINA GmbH.
Aerosolised COVID-19 Transmission Risk: Surgical or N95 Masks?	Kori,  N,  Periyasamy, et al	Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol	Transmission Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI)	Based on available evidence, the COVID-19 virus is thought to spread through close contact and droplet transmission. However, some have debated that it could be airborne. Airborne transmission occurs when particles of less than 0.5 μm within droplets spread through exhaled air via a process called aerosolisation. These particles can remain in the air for long periods and can disseminate over distances further than 1 meter. In the context of COVID-19, airborne particles can occur during certain aerosolised-generating-procedures (AGP). WHO underlines the use of N95 respirators or equivalent as part of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers (HCW) managing COVID-19 positive patients when aerosolised-generating-procedures (AGP) are being conducted.This retrospective observational study describes the result of COVID-19 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in health care workers (HCW) wearing different form of personal protective equipment (PPE) who had had close contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient during performing such procedures. All HCWs were quarantined for 14 days after the exposure. COVID-19 RT-PCR nasopharyngeal swabs were performed at different intervals. Little is known about the effectiveness of different types of personal protective equipment (PPE) for preventing SARS-CoV-2 in HCWs. We describe the clinical outcome of HCWs exposed to sudden acute respiratory infection patient before the diagnosis of COVID-19 was known.
Electrocardiographic Holter monitoring findings in critical coronavirus disease-19 patients	Laleh Far,  V,  Mehrakizadeh, et al	Pol Arch Intern Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	This observational cross sectional study was conducted in the patients with laboratory-confirmed critical COVID-19, who were admitted to ICU to two university hospitals in Iran during outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmia in critical COVID-19 patients using a 24-hour electrocardiography (ECG) Holter monitoring
COVID-19 Pandemic Once Again Exposes the Weakest Link in Laboratory Services: Specimen Delivery	Lapić,  I,  Komljenović, et al	Lab Med	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	OBJECTIVE: Reorganization of the emergency department (ED) during the COVID-19 pandemic implied closure of the ED-dedicated laboratory and manual transport of all specimens to the dislocated central laboratory. The impact of such reorganization on laboratory turnaround time (TAT) was examined. METHODS: The TAT from blood sampling to specimen reception (TAT1), from specimen reception to test reporting (TAT2), and from sampling to test reporting (TAT3) were compared between the pandemic peak month in 2020 and the same month in 2019. We evaluated whether TAT2 fulfills the recommended 60-minute criteria. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed for all comparisons (P <.001), with TAT1 prominently contributing to TAT3 prolongation (from 48 minutes to 108 minutes) and exceeding the recommended 60-minute criteria. The TAT2 was extended from 33 minutes to 49 minutes. CONCLUSION: An ED reorganization compromised the usual laboratory services for patients in the ED, with manual specimen delivery being the main cause for TAT prolongation.
The younger the milder clinical course of COVID-19: even in newborns?	Leung,  C	Pediatr Allergy Immunol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	BACKGROUND: Milder symptoms were observed in children with COVID-19. However, whether this also holds true for neonates is not known. METHODS: The clinical data of a total of 3213 patients aged two years or below, including 749 neonates, in Brazil nationwide were studied. Comparisons were made between neonate and infant patients by conducting statistical tests. RESULTS: Neonates appeared to bear more severe clinical courses. In addition to higher case fatality rates, newborns with COVID-19 had much shorter time from symptom onset to death and longer time from symptom onset to discharge. Dyspnoea, sore throat and cough were more prominent in neonate patients, suggestive of both upper and lower respiratory tract infection, as opposed to upper respiratory tract symptoms mostly observed in children. CONCLUSION: Findings suggested that trained immunity provides a possible explanation because the innate immune system in newborns is not "well-trained" while that in adult tends to hyperactive.
PMC7359901; Differential Ventilation Using Flow Control Valves as a Potential Bridge to Full Ventilatory Support during the COVID-19 Crisis	Levin,  MA,  Shah, et al	Anesthesiology	Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, ventilator sharing was suggested to increase availability of mechanical ventilation. The safety and feasibility of ventilator sharing is unknown. METHODS: A single ventilator in pressure control mode was used with flow control valves to simultaneously ventilate two patients with different lung compliances. The system was first evaluated using high-fidelity human patient simulator mannequins and then tested for 1 h in two pairs of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure. Patients were matched on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional inspired oxygen tension, and respiratory rate. Tidal volume and peak airway pressure (PMAX) were recorded from each patient using separate independent spirometers and arterial blood gas samples drawn at 0, 30, and 60 min. The authors assessed acid-base status, oxygenation, tidal volume, and PMAX for each patient. Stability was assessed by calculating the coefficient of variation. RESULTS: The valves performed as expected in simulation, providing a stable tidal volume of 400 ml each to two mannequins with compliance ratios varying from 20:20 to 20:90 ml/cm H2O. The system was then tested in two pairs of patients. Pair 1 was a 49-yr-old woman, ideal body weight 46 kg, and a 55-yr-old man, ideal body weight 64 kg, with lung compliance 27 ml/cm H2O versus 35 ml/cm H2O. The coefficient of variation for tidal volume was 0.2 to 1.7%, and for PMAX 0 to 1.1%. Pair 2 was a 32-yr-old man, ideal body weight 62 kg, and a 56-yr-old woman, ideal body weight 46 kg, with lung compliance 12 ml/cm H2O versus 21 ml/cm H2O. The coefficient of variation for tidal volume was 0.4 to 5.6%, and for PMAX 0 to 2.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Differential ventilation using a single ventilator is feasible. Flow control valves enable delivery of stable tidal volume and PMAX similar to those provided by individual ventilators.
Application of lung ultrasonography in critically ill patients with COVID-19	Li,  S,  Qu, et al	Echocardiography	Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	PURPOSE: Lung ultrasonography (LU) is useful to assess lung lesions and variations at bedside. To investigate the results of LU in severe and critical patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we performed a single-institution study to evaluate the related lung lesions and variations, and prophylactic strategies, in a large referral and treatment center. METHODS: We included 91 adult patients with severe and critical COVID-19, namely 62 males and 29 females, with an average age of 59 ± 11 years, who underwent LU. We collected the following patient information: sex, age, days in hospital, and days in ICU. In the ultrasound examinations, we recorded the presence of discrete B lines, confluent B lines, consolidation, pleural thickening, pleural effusion, and pneumothorax (PTX). RESULTS: Among the 91 severe and critical patients, 59 cases had scattered B lines, 56 cases had confluent B lines, 58 cases had alveolar-interstitial syndrome (AIS), 48 cases had lung consolidation, six cases had pleural thickening, 39 cases had pleural effusion (average depth of the pleural effusion: 1.0 ± 1.5 cm), and 20 patients developed PTX. In the Cox multivariate analysis, there were significant differences in age, hospitalization days, ICU days, and lung consolidation. CONCLUSION: Lung ultrasonography performed at the bedside can detect lung diseases, such as B lines, PTX, pulmonary edema, lung consolidation, pleural effusion, and variations of these findings. Our findings support the use of LU and measurements for estimating factors, and monitoring response to therapy in severe and critical COVID-19 patients.
Does the environment matter?; Effect of environmental factors on COVID-19 transmission in the Republic of Korea	Lim,  Yong Kwan,  Kweon, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Background: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global pandemic and is a major concern of public health worldwide. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of environmental factors such as climate and air pollutants in the transmission of COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea. Methods: We collected epidemiological and environmental data from two regions of the Republic of Korea, namely Seoul metropolitan region (SMR) and Daegu-Gyeongbuk region (DGR) from February, 2020 to July, 2020. Further, we analyzed the data to identify the correlation of each environmental factor with the confirmed cases of COVID-19 on a daily basis. Results: Among the various environmental parameters, duration of sunshine and ozone level were found to be positively correlated with COVID-19 in both regions. However, the association of temperature variables with COVID-19 transmission showed contradictory results upon comparing the data from SMR and DGR. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results suggest that the environmental factors could play a crucial role in the transmission of COVID-19. However, it should be noted that statistical bias could arise due to the disease outbreak being confined to a specific area and extensive epidemiological investigation.
Ceftazidime Is a Potential Drug to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro by Blocking Spike Protein-ACE2 Interaction	Lin,  ChangDong,  Li, et al	bioRxiv	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads globally as a sever pandemic, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 mainly depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells. Therefore, repurposing of known drugs to inhibit S protein-ACE2 interaction could be a quick way to develop effective therapy for COVID-19. Using a high-throughput screening system to investigate the interaction between spike receptor binding domain (S-RBD) and ACE2 extracellular domain, we screened 3581 FDA-approved drugs and natural small molecules and identified ceftazidime as a potent compound to inhibit S-RBD-ACE2 interaction by binding to S-RBD. In addition to significantly inhibit S-RBD binding to HPAEpiC cells, ceftazidime efficiently prevented SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus to infect ACE2-expressing 293T cells. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 113.2 μM, which is far below the blood concentration (over 300 μM) of ceftazidime in patients when clinically treated with recommended dose. Notably, ceftazidime is a drug clinically used for the treatment of pneumonia with minimal side effects compared with other antiviral drugs. Thus, ceftazidime has both anti-bacterial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects, which should be the first-line antibiotics used for the clinical treatment of COVID-19.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have filed a patent (202010956550.6) for the application of ceftazidime and its derivatives in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Stemming the Tide of COVID-19 Infections in Massachusetts Nursing Homes	Lipsitz,  LA,  Lujan, et al	J Am Geriatr Soc	Transmission Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	In April, 2020, Massachusetts nursing homes (NHs) became a hotspot for COVID-19 infections and associated deaths.  Longitudinal cohort study of 360 NHs. Both resident and staff infection rates started higher in special focus facilities, then rapidly declined to the same low level in both groups. Adherence to infection control processes, especially proper wearing of PPE and cohorting, was significantly associated with declines in weekly infection and mortality rates.
Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score-matched control study	Liu,  STH,  Lin, et al	Nat Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	This retrospective, propensity score–matched case–control study assessed the effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in 39 patients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 at The Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Oxygen requirements on day 14 after transfusion worsened in 17.9% of plasma recipients versus 28.2% of propensity score–matched controls who were hospitalized with COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75–0.98; chi-square test P value = 0.025). Survival also improved in plasma recipients (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13–0.89; chi-square test P = 0.027).
Severe hemoptysis in post-tuberculosis bronchiectasis precipitated by SARS-CoV-2 infection	Lopinto,  J,  Teulier, et al	BMC Pulm Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case report of a 58-year-old man was admitted to our intensive care unit for severe hemoptysis with history of post-tuberculosis bronchiectasis but a respiratory tract sample was found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2. To our knowledge, this is the first case of acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and complicated by severe hemoptysis.
Attitudes and Behaviours of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases during the early stages of the COVID-19 Outbreak	Ma,  MHY,  Tay, et al	J Rheumatol	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The objective of this online survey was to evaluate the knowledge and behaviours of patients in Singapore with rheumatic disease during the pandemic. 2239 (47.7%) responded to the survey and three clusters were identified. Cluster-3 (C3) was defined by patients most worried about COVID-19, were more likely to wear face-masks, and to alter or stop their medications. Patients in C3 were more likely to be female, Malay and unemployed.
Tackling the elective case backlog generated by Covid-19: the scale of the problem and solutions	Macdonald,  N,  Clements, et al	J Public Health (Oxf)	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The aim of this paper is to produce accurate forecasts on the building backlog, highlight the state of waiting lists currently and propose solutions required to prevent a public health crisis within the NHS. We show that compliance with waiting list times pre pandemic was falling year on year (83.2% in 2020 down from 87% in 2019). Every month that passes we estimate that 400,000 cases are not being performed
Time to adapt in the pandemic era: a prospective randomized non -inferiority study comparing time to intubate with and without the barrier box	Madabhushi,  P,  Kinthala, et al	BMC Anesthesiol	Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI) Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	We designed our study to determine if using a barrier box with glidescope delays time to intubate (TTI) within acceptable parameters to make relevant clinical conclusions. Seventy-eight patients were enrolled in this prospective non-inferiority controlled trial and were randomly allocated to either group C (without the barrier box) or the study group BB (using barrier box). We conclude that in patients with normal airway exam, scheduled for elective surgeries, our barrier box did not cause any clinically significant delay in TTI when airway manipulation is performed by well-trained providers.
Prognostic factors in patients admitted to an urban teaching hospital with COVID-19 infection	Maguire,  D,  Woods, et al	J Transl Med	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The aim of the present study was to examine whether routinely collected clinicopathological characteristics of patients with COVID-19 on admission were informative on the immune and metabolic stress experienced by patients with COVID-19 and whether such characteristics were informative on subsequent outcome by examining patient records in Glasgow. Results indicate that age ≥ 70 years and severe systemic inflammation as measured by the peri-operative Glasgow Prognostic Score are independently associated with 30-day mortality among patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 infection.
Tracheal tube obstruction due to hemoptysis associated with pulmonary infarction in a patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: A case report	Maruhashi,  Takaaki,  Kurihara, et al	Research Square prepub	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case-report of a 5-year-old Japanese man intubated 8 days previously was referred to our hospital because of a severe COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis after his pharyngeal swab tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Endotracheal tube obstruction secondary to hemoptysis should be suggested in patients with COVID-19 requiring ventilator support, as they are not able to perform frequent endotracheal tube suctions owing to the risk of infection.
Paediatric case of prolonged COVID-19 manifesting as PMIS-TS and atypical Kawasaki	Masih,  M,  Moll, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We describe a case of a 9-year-old boy who tested positive concurrently for the SARS-CoV-2 virus 4 weeks apart. He presented with a 2-day history of fever, abdominal pain, headache and diarrhoea. Initial investigations supported PMIS-TS and he went on to develop atypical Kawasaki disease. With no results to differentiate between his positive results, we question whether he remained positive throughout or recovered with reactivation of the virus.
Incidence and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory articular diseases	Mena Vázquez,  N,  Manrique-Arija, et al	Int J Clin Pract	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The aim of this cross-sectional study was to  describe the incidence and fatality of COVID‐19 and identify risk factors to fatality in patients with inflammatory articular diseases (IAD). Overall there were no significant differences in CI of COVID‐19 and CFR in patients with IAD compared to COVID‐19 patients without IAD. In RT‐PCR. In multivariate analysis, the factor associated with fatality in patients with IAD was older age (OR [95%CI], 1.1 [1.0‐1.2]).
Spatial Distribution and Time Series Analysis of COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Geospatial Perspective	Moazzam,  Muhammad Farhan Ul,  Paracha, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	The objective of this study is provide the spatial distribution of COVID-19, its trend and time series analysis of the disease using geospatial approach in Italy. As of 3rd June, 2020 total of 231, 238 cases have been report in Italy. It has found that Lombardia region has the highest number of cases followed by Piemonte, Emilia-Romagna, and Vento. Basilicata has the lowest number of cases but Lombardia has the highest rate of death for coronavirus disease. The mortality rate of Lombardia is very high comparatively to nationwide.
Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12/Nsp8 interaction interface with approved and investigational drugs: an in silico structure-based approach	Mutlu,  O,  Ugurel, et al	J Biomol Struct Dyn	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	In this study, the Nsp12–Nsp8 complex of SARS-CoV-2 was targeted with structure-based and computer-aided drug design approach because of its vital role in viral replication. Sequence analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Nsp12) sequences from 30,366 different isolates were analysed for possible mutations. FDA-approved and investigational drugs were screened for interaction with both mutant and wild-type Nsp12–Nsp8 interfaces. RX-3117 (fluorocyclopentenyl cytosine) and Nebivolol had the highest binding affinities in both mutant and wild-type enzymes, therefore they were selected and resultant protein–ligand complexes were simulated for analysis of stability over 100 ns.
Acute Kidney Injury in Critically-ill Patients With COVID-19: A Single-center Experience of 206 Consecutive Patients	Naar,  L,  Langeveld, et al	Ann Surg	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We describe here the incidence, predictors, and prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically-ill patients with COVID-19. In this series of critically-ill COVID-19 patients, we report an extremely high incidence of AKI; almost a third of the patients required RRT. On multivariable analyses, older age, male gender, and higher body mass index (BMI) were identified as independent predictors for the development of AKI. Similarly, male sex, higher BMI, and hypertension were identified as independent predictors of the need for RRT among AKI patients. Both ICU and hospital mortality are significantly higher in the AKI vs. non-AKI patients (27.7% vs 5.2%, P-value < 0.001 and 33.1% vs 8.6%, P-value < 0.001, respectively). At the time of this report, 8 (3.9%) patients are still hospitalized.
Atypical case of COVID-19 in a critically unwell 5-week old infant	Namasivayam,  A,  Soe, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We discuss a 5-week-old male infant who presented atypically with severe COVID-19 infection. To our knowledge, he is the youngest reported case in the UK to require mechanical ventilation and intensive care treatment as a direct result of COVID-19 following horizontal transmission. This case has generated several learning points with regard to atypical presentations of COVID-19 and identifying a potential cohort of ‘at risk’ infants. We also highlight a number of new challenges that have arisen for paediatricians and anaesthetists providing airway management for infants with SARS-CoV-2.
A Computer Interpretable Guideline for COVID-19: Rapid Development and Dissemination	Nan,  S,  Tang, et al	JMIR Med Inform	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This study contributes a rapid Computer interpretable guidelines (CIG) development and dissemination approach and developed a shareable CIG for COVID-19. 27 archetypes have been used for the COVID-19 guideline. 18 GDL rules were developed to cover the diagnosis and treatment suggestion algorithms in the narrative guideline. The CIG is further translated to object data model and Drools rules to facilitate the use of non-openEHR users. The prototype application validates the correctness of the CIG with a public data set. Both the GDL rules and Drools rules have been disseminated on GitHub. The proposed rapid CIG development and dissemination approach accelerated the pace of COVID-19 CIG development.
Fulminant myocarditis as an early presentation of SARS-CoV-2	Naneishvili,  T,  Khalil, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	In our case report we describe, early cardiac manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 in a UK District General Hospital. A 44-year-old Caucasian woman without any comorbidities presented with SARS-CoV-2 related fulminant myocarditis without initial respiratory symptoms.
Cytokine storm and use of anakinra in a patient with COVID-19	Nemchand,  P,  Tahir, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We present a case of a 50-year-old man with COVID-19 infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome as a result of a cytokine storm and use of anakinra, an interleukin 1-receptor antagonist that is normally used in the treatment of autoinflammatory disorders in adult patients. We saw a reduction in oxygen requirement and improvements in inflammatory markers and ferritin. Although we cannot determine its clinical efficacy from one case study, it may have a positive effect on the proinflammatory state that is associated with cytokine storm in COVID-19 infection.
Diffuse necrotising leukoencephalopathy with microhaemorrhages in a patient with severe COVID-19 disease	Nicolas-Jilwan,  M,  Almaghrabi, et al	Neuroradiol J	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We report the case of a 59-year-old man with multiple comorbidities and severe COVID-19 pneumonia who developed a diffuse leukoencephalopathy with microhaemorrhages and extensive associated white matter necrosis. Although this is the first documented case of extensive COVID-19-associated white matter necrosis, we highlight the relatively constant features of this injury similar to previously reported cases, including symmetrical involvement of the supratentorial white matter, sparing of the peripheral subcortical regions except in the precentral gyri, frequently associated microhaemorrhages, relative sparing of the deep gray matter structures and infratentorial structures, and lack of enhancement.
["Online from tomorrow on please": comparison of digital framework conditions of curricular teaching at national university ENT clinics in times of COVID-19 : Digital teaching at national university ENT clinics]	Offergeld,  C,  Ketterer, et al	HNO	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The aim of the work was to record the teaching situation at national university ENT clinics and academic teaching hospitals at the beginning of the virtual Corona summer semester 2020. The completed questionnaires from 31 university hospitals (UK) and 10 academic teaching hospitals (ALK) were included in the evaluation. Obvious discrepancies were found between available resources and actually available digitized teaching content. Further points of criticism were revealed in relation to communication with the medical faculty, the digital infrastructure and, in particular, in the often insufficient collaboration with the central support structures such as media, didactic and data centers.
Ambroxol Hydrochloride Inhibits the Interaction between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein’s Receptor Binding Domain and Recombinant Human ACE2	Olaleye,  OmonikeA,  Kaur, et al	bioRxiv	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Herein, we discovered that Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), and its progenitor, Bromhexine hydrochloride (BHH), both clinically approved drugs are potent effective modulators of the key interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE2. We also found that both compounds inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced cytopathic effect at micromolar concentrations. Therefore, in addition to the known TMPRSS2 activity of BHH; we report for the first time that the BHH and AMB pharmacophore has the capacity to target and modulate yet another key protein-protein interaction essential for the two known SARS-CoV-2 entry pathways into host cells. Altogether, the potent efficacy, excellent safety and pharmacologic profile of both drugs along with their affordability and availability, makes them promising candidates for drug repurposing as possible prophylactic and/or treatment options against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Performance of an extended triage questionnaire to detect suspected cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in obstetric patients: Experience from two large teaching hospitals in Lombardy, Northern Italy	Ornaghi,  S,  Callegari, et al	PLoS One	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The aim of this study was to assess the performance of an extended questionnaire in identifying cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection among obstetric patients and to evaluate the rate of infection among healthcare workers involved in women’s care. There were 1,177 women screened by the questionnaire, which yielded a positive result in 130 (11.0%) cases. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was performed in 865 (73.5%) patients, identifying 51 (5.9%) infections. During the first period, there were 29 infected mothers, 4 (13.8%) of whom had a negative questionnaire. After universal testing implementation, there were 22 (3%, 95% CI 1.94% - 4.04%) infected mothers, 13 (59.1%) of whom had a negative questionnaire; rate of infection among asymptomatic women was 1.9%. Six of the 17 SARS-CoV-2-positive women with a negative questionnaire reported symptoms more than 14 but within 30 days before admission. Isolated olfactory or taste disorders were identified in 15.7% of infected patients. Rate of infection among healthcare workers was 5.8%.
How many scientists does it take to write a COVID-19 case report?	Papadakis,  M	Account Res	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Aim of this work is to explore authorship patterns in COVID-19 case reports. COVID-19 case reports had a mean of 6.1 authors per manuscript (median 5, SD 3.8), compared to 6.2 (median 5, SD 3.3) in the other group (p = .43). The COVID-19 group had 51 cases (3.3%) authored from 15 or more authors, compared to 1.4% (7 cases) in the ID group (p = .03). Fourteen percent of all COVID-19 case reports have 10 or more authors and 13 manuscripts (1%) have been authored by 20 or more persons. We conclude that COVID-19 case reports reflect the modern trend of authorship proliferation with two-page case reports being authored from >15 scientists.
PMC7303649; COVID-19-related Mortality During the First 60 Days After Kidney Transplantation	Pascual,  J,  Melilli, et al	Eur Urol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The fatality rate was 45.8%, which is markedly higher than the usual very low 2-mo mortality observed outside the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared with survivors, patients who died were older, were infected closer to transplantation, more frequently needed ventilator support, and were treated less often with high-dose steroids.
Severe thrombocytopaenia secondary to COVID-19	Patel,  T,  Stanton, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We present a case of severe thrombocytopaenia complicated by subdural haematoma and rectal bleed associated with COVID-19. A 67-year-old man, admitted with a non-productive cough and confusion, was found to be positive for COVID-19. Ten days after admission, his platelets decreased from 146×109/L to 2×109/L. His platelets did not increase despite receiving frequent platelet transfusions. He was non-responsive to corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. Romiplostim and eltrombopag were given and after 9 weeks of treatment, his platelet count normalised.
Arrhythmic Complications of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcomes	Peltzer,  B,  Manocha, et al	Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	No abstract available
Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: Innate immune, vascular, and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex	Petrey,  AC,  Qeadan, et al	J Leukoc Biol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The goal of this study is to identify pathogenic factors that are linked to disease severity and patient characteristics. We identified a group of 16 soluble factors that were found to be increased in COVID‐19 patients compared to controls, whereas 2 factors were decreased.  Four factors such as platelet‐derived growth factors, fibroblast growth factor‐2, and IFN‐γ‐inducible protein 10 were strongly associated with severe disease and ICU admission.
[Case Series of 103 Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Portugal]	Picão de Carvalho,  C,  Castro, et al	Acta Med Port	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Among 103 diagnosed children, 83% had a known previous contact with an infected patient, 43% presented fever and 42% presented respiratory symptoms. Ten percent had risk factors and 21% were aged under one year old. Ten percent were hospitalised, one needing intensive care, with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome.  No children required ventilation, antiviral therapy or underwent thoracic computed tomography scan. Eight percent of children returned to the emergency room and one child was hospitalised. The clinical outcome is known in 101 patients and is favourable in all.
COVID-19 among kidney transplant recipients requiring hospitalization: preliminary data and outcomes from a single-center in Brazil	Pierrotti,  LC,  Reusing Junior, et al	Transpl Int	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We present a retrospective description of 51 kidney transplant recipients (KTR) with confirmed moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia both through positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 in a respiratory specimen (n=48 patients); or positive serology IgM and/or IgG (n=3 patients).
Predicting and interpreting COVID-19 transmission rates from the ensemble of government policies	Prakash,  Meher,  Sruthi, et al	Research Square prepub	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	In this work, we standardize and pool together the ensemble of lockdown and graded re-opening policies adopted by the 50 states of USA in any given week between 9th March and 9th August. We build a predictive model (R2training=0.79, R2test=0.76) for the weekly-averaged transmission rate of infections. Probing the predictions with interpretable rtificial intelligence (AI) highlights how factors such as the closing of bars or the use of masks influence transmission, effects which have been hard to decouple from the ensemble of policy instrument combinations.
Genes with 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tracts preferentially escape global suppression of translation by the SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 protein	Rao,  Shilpa,  Hoskins, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Here, using a novel FACS-based assay called MeTAFlow, we report a dose-dependent reduction in both nascent protein synthesis and mRNA abundance in cells expressing NSP1. We perform RNA-Seq and matched ribosome profiling experiments to identify gene-specific changes both at the mRNA expression and translation level. We discover a functionally-coherent subset of human genes preferentially translated in the context of NSP1 expression. These genes include the translation machinery components, RNA binding proteins, and others important for viral pathogenicity. Importantly, we also uncover potential mechanisms of preferential translation through the presence of shared sites for specific RNA binding proteins and a remarkable enrichment for 5′ terminal oligo-pyrimidine tracts.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Surgical Practice in the Southeastern United States: Results of a Survey of the Membership of the Southeastern Surgical Congress	Richmond,  BK,  Dean, et al	Am Surg	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	135 respondents reported that 98.5% of surgeons and 97% of hospitals canceled elective cases.  Practices and hospitals reduced staffing dramatically. Telemedicine was utilized by most respondents. More than one-quarter reported worsened financial status and personal well-being. Interestingly, family/personal relationships were improved in more than one-third.
Cytokine adsorption in a patient with severe coronavirus disease 2019 related acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy: A case report	Rieder,  M,  Zahn, et al	Artif Organs	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Preliminary data from eight cases (4 patients receiving ECMO with cytokine adsorption, the remaining 4 received ECMO without cytokine adsorption) shows that cytokine adsorption may result in a more pronounced decrease of IL-6 after initiation of ECMO
Characteristics of COVID-19 in Homeless Shelters : A Community-Based Surveillance Study	Rogers,  JH,  Link, et al	Ann Intern Med	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Setting: 14 homeless shelters in King County, Washington. Participants: A total of 1434 study encounters were done in shelter residents and staff, regardless of symptoms.Among 1434 encounters, 29 (2% [95% CI, 1.4% to 2.9%]) cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected across 5 shelters. Most (n = 21 [72.4%]) were detected during surge testing events rather than routine surveillance, and most (n = 21 [72.4% {CI, 52.8% to 87.3%}]) were asymptomatic at the time of sample collection. Persons who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 were more frequently aged 60 years or older than those without SARS-CoV-2 (44.8% vs. 15.9%). Eighty-six percent of persons with positive test results slept in a communal space rather than in a private or shared room.
The impact of Covid-19 and lockdown measures on self-reported life satisfaction and social relationships does not differ by ethnicity	Routen,  A,  Darko, et al	J Public Health (Oxf)	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Between May 1st and June 18th 2020 we distributed a survey online and in hard copy via post, social media, and face-to-face in Leicester, UK, where 57% of residents are of non-white ethnicity. Nine hundred and eighty adults consented and 787 respondents completed some or all questions. Participants were largely female (71.2%), and two thirds (66.6%) were aged between 35 and 65 years. Sixty-four percent of participants reporting ethnicity (n = 665) were White, 22% South Asian, 8.3% Black and 5.7% Mixed/Other. There were no significant differences between ethnicities in change in the majority of life satisfaction or social relationship variables. However for spiritual health, there was a significant difference between ethnicity groups in the proportion of respondents reporting a change in response, from pre to during lockdown, with 15.8% of South Asians reporting an increase in satisfaction, and 6.6% of White participants reporting an increase. There was also a significant difference for feelings of interest shared, with 20.7% of White individuals reporting they felt interests and ideas were not shared with those around them more often, and 31.6% of Mixed/Other participants reporting the same.
Quantification of mRNA Expression Using Single-Molecule Nanopore Sensing	Rozevsky,  Y,  Gilboa, et al	ACS Nano	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	Here, we introduce reverse transcription quantitative nanopore sensing (RT-qNP), an RNA quantification method that involves synthesis and single-molecule detection of gene-specific cDNAs without the need for purification or amplification. We further demonstrate the versatility of the method by adapting it to quantify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA against a human reference gene.
Effects of Licorice on clinical symptoms and laboratory signs in moderately ill patients with pneumonia from COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial	Safa,  O,  Hassani-Azad, et al	Trials	RCT	This is a single-center, open-label, randomized, clinical trial with parallel-group design. We investigate the effects of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) root extract, an anti-inflammatory natural medicine, compared to the usual therapeutic regimen on clinical symptoms and laboratory signs in patients with confirmed COVID-19 that are moderately ill.
Patient characteristics and admitting vital signs associated with COVID-19 related mortality among patients admitted with non-critical illness	Sands,  K,  Wenzel, et al	Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We aim to determine risk factors for mortality among COVID-19 patients admitted to a system of community hospitals in the United States. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and vital signs at admission in this subgroup, the largest driver of the odds of mortality was patient age (OR: 1.07, 95% CI 1.06-1.08, p< 0.001). Decreased oxygen saturation at admission was associated with increased odds of mortality (OR: 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.12, p< 0.001) as was diabetes (OR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.21-2.03, p<0.001).
Antibody potency, effector function and combinations in protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo	Schaefer,  Alexandra,  Muecksch, et al	bioRxiv	Immunology | Immunologie Animal model | Modèle animal	Here we examine the properties of highly potent human monoclonal antibodies (hu-mAbs) in a mouse adapted model of SARS-CoV-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2 MA). In vitro antibody neutralization potency did not uniformly correlate with in vivo activity, and some hu-mAbs were more potent in combination in vivo.
Estimating older adult mortality from COVID-19	Sharma,  A	J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	The purpose of this study was to employ simulations to model the probability of mortality from COVID-19 (i.e., coronavirus) for older adults in the United States (U.S.) given at best and at worst cases. This study found mortality increased with age and was notable for the 74-79 age group for the at best case and the 70-79 age group of the at worst case. Obesity was also important and suggested a higher risk for mortality.
Emergence and expansion of highly infectious spike:D614G mutant SARS-CoV-2 in central India	Sharma,  Shashi,  Dash, et al	bioRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	We performed whole genome sequences for 26 SARS-CoV-2 circulating in 10 different districts in Madhya Pradesh State of India.  The cluster wise segregation was observed suggesting multiple introduction links and evolution of virus in the region.
Using Machine Learning to Generate Novel Hypotheses: Increasing Optimism About COVID-19 Makes People Less Willing to Justify Unethical Behaviors	Sheetal,  A,  Feng, et al	Psychol Sci	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	How can we nudge people to not engage in unethical behaviors, such as hoarding and violating social-distancing guidelines, during the COVID-19 pandemic? We trained a deep-learning model to predict whether or not World Values Survey respondents perceived unethical behaviors as justifiable, on the basis of their responses to 708 other items. The model identified optimism about the future of humanity as one of the top predictors of unethicality. A preregistered correlational study (N = 218 U.S. residents) conceptually replicated this finding.
Ocular involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical and molecular analysis	Shemer,  A,  Einan-Lifshitz, et al	Int Ophthalmol	Clinical data| Données cliniques	The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and molecular ocular involvement among patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary care facility. Among patients admitted to a tertiary referral center with confirmed COVID-19, active conjunctival injection was noted in one out of five cases, and was associated with loss of smell and taste. Conjunctival swabs for viral RNA were negative in patients with and without ocular involvement.
Covid-19 in patients with hematological and solid cancers at a Comprehensive Cancer Center in Germany	Shoumariyeh,  K,  Biavasco, et al	Cancer Med	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We investigated the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with solid and hematological cancers and concomitant Covid-19 at a Comprehensive Cancer Center in a Covid-19 hotspot area in Germany. Compared to an age-matched noncancer cohort, we did not observe an association between a cancer diagnosis and a more severe disease course or higher fatality rate in patients with Covid-19.
Psychological correlates of COVID-19 pandemic in the Austrian population	Traunmüller,  C,  Stefitz, et al	BMC Public Health	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological distress in Austria during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. 37.7% of the Austrian study population reported a severe psychological impact on the event and 1 in 10 is considered to suffer from severe depression, anxiety or stress. Being female, higher age, lower levels of education, concern about family members, internet as main source of information, student or pupil status, poor self-rated health, and downplaying the seriousness of the problem were significantly associated with higher psychological burden.
SARS-CoV-2 ribosomal frameshifting pseudoknot: Improved secondary structure prediction and detection of inter-viral structural similarity	Trinity,  Luke,  Lansing, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Following a structural alignment approach, we identify similarities in the -1 PRF pseudoknots of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the original SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. In addition, we provide a better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 -1 PRF pseudoknot by comprehensively investigating the structural landscape using a hierarchical folding approach. This has important implications to developing future therapeutics.
Suddenly Becoming a "Virtual Doctor": Experiences of Psychiatrists Transitioning to Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Uscher-Pines,  L,  Sousa, et al	Psychiatr Serv	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many psychiatrists have rapidly transitioned to telemedicine. This qualitative study sought to understand how this dramatic change in delivery has affected mental health care, including modes of telemedicine psychiatrists used, barriers encountered, and future plans.  Findings highlight that although psychiatrists expressed some concerns about the quality of these encounters, the transition has been largely positive for both patients and physicians.
Accuracy and stability of saliva as a sample for reverse transcription PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2	Uwamino,  Y,  Nagata, et al	J Clin Pathol	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	This study assesses the accuracy of RT-PCR analysis using multiple saliva samples and whether salivary ribonuclease affects the analysis of stored samples. Nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva samples were obtained from patients hospitalized in Tokyo, Japan for COVID-19 treatment and from the university staff presenting symptoms suggesting acute viral infections. Overall, saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples displayed 86.7% concordance with kappa coefficient as 0.625, but those obtained within 10 days from symptom onset displayed 96.4% concordance (kappa coefficient: 0.883). Out of viral cultures of six samples, only two revealed viable virus. Long-term storage of saliva samples herein did not affect the test results
Massive pulmonary embolism following recovery from COVID-19 infection: inflammation, thrombosis and the role of extended thromboprophylaxis	Vadukul,  P,  Sharma, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We present the case of a patient with an initial presentation of COVID-19 pneumonitis requiring mechanical ventilation for nearly 2 weeks and total admission time of 3 weeks. She was given prophylactic dose anticoagulation according to hospital protocol during this time. Following a week at home, she was readmitted with acute massive pulmonary embolism with severe respiratory and cardiac failure, representing the first such case in the literature.
The COVID-19 cannabis health study: Results from an epidemiologic assessment of adults who use cannabis for medicinal reasons in the United States	Vidot,  DC,  Islam, et al	J Addict Dis	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The study aimed to provide data on cannabis use and self-reported behavioral changes among medicinal cannabis users with preexisting chronic conditions in response to the pandemic. The majority of participants reported at least one preexisting chronic health condition. Over half report fear of COVID-19 diagnosis and giving the virus to someone else; yet only some switched from smoking to nonsmoking forms of cannabis.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of patients with inherited bleeding disorders in Germany	von Mackensen,  S,  Halimeh, et al	Haemophilia	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on patients and caregivers of inherited bleeding disorders (IBD) patients regarding their concerns and worries related to own health, access to treatment and availability of factor concentrates and their experiences related to medical care. The IBD patients affected by a chronic disorder have particular thoughts and worries regarding COVID-19.  In 52.8%, medical appointments were postponed. Significant differences between caregivers and patients were found in most aspects.
PMC7224607; Cytokine Levels in the Body Fluids of a Patient With COVID-19 and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Case Report	Wang,  C,  Kang, et al	Ann Intern Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	This case report described the cytokine levels in multiple body fluids from a 66 year old patient in China with COVID-19 and ARDS, septic shock, and multiple organ failure.  Cytokine levels correlated inconsistently with his clinical course, except that the levels increased dramatically in the last days before he died.
COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States	Wang,  QQ,  Kaelber, et al	Mol Psychiatry	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This is a retrospective case-control study of electronic health records data of 73,099,850 unique patients, of whom 12,030 had a diagnosis of COVID-19. Patients with a recent diagnosis of substance use disorder (SUD) were at significantly increased risk for COVID-19,  an effect that was strongest for individuals with opioid use disorder. Among patients with recent diagnosis of SUD, African Americans had significantly higher risk of COVID-19 than Caucasians. COVID-19 patients with SUD had significantly worse outcomes than general COVID-19 patients and African Americans with COVID-19 and SUD had worse outcomes  than Caucasians.
Using WeChat, a Chinese social media, to early detect the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2019: a retrospective study	Wang,  W,  Wang, et al	JMIR Mhealth Uhealth	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study aimed to explore the possibility of early detecting the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2019 using social media. Plotted daily WeChat Index from Nov 17, 2019 to Feb 14, 2020 for keywords related to the SARS-CoV-2 disease. WeChat Index for "Feidian" that is SARS in Chinese language had stayed at low levels until 16 days ahead of the outbreak announcement on Dec 31, 2019 by the local authority when the index increased significantly. Using WeChat may detect the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in 2019 about two weeks earlier than the outbreak announcement.
Changes in network centrality of psychopathology symptoms between the COVID-19 outbreak and after peak	Wang,  Y,  Hu, et al	Mol Psychiatry	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The current study investigated the mechanism and changes in psychopathology symptoms throughout the COVID-19 outbreak and after peak. Two studies were conducted separately in China during outbreak and the after peak stages, with 2540 participants were recruited from February 6 to 16, 2020, and 2543 participants were recruited from April 25 to May 5, 2020. Psychomotor symptoms such as impaired motor skills, restlessness, and inability to relax exhibited high centrality during the outbreak, which still relatively high but showed substantial remission during after peak stage (in terms of strength, betweenness, or bridge centrality). The results revealed that restrictions on movement were associated with worsen in psychomotor symptoms, indicating that future psychological interventions should target motor-related symptoms as priority.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cytology practice: An international survey in the Asia-Pacific region	Wang,  YH,  Bychkov, et al	Cancer Cytopathol	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on various aspects of cytology practice in the Asia-Pacific region. An online questionnaire was distributed to cytopathology laboratories in 24 Asia-Pacific countries; a total of 167 cytopathology laboratories from 24 countries responded to the survey. The majority reported that restrictive measures that limited the accessibility of health care services had been implemented in their cities and/or countries (80.8%) and their hospitals (83.8%). The results of the survey demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant reduction in the number of cytology specimens examined along with the need to implement new biosafety protocols
SAR of novel benzamides and isoindolines, designed as SARS-CoV protease inhibitors - effective against SARS-CoV-2	Welker,  A,  Kersten, et al	ChemMedChem	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Inhibition of coronavirus (CoV)-encoded papain-like cysteine proteases (PLpro) represents an attractive strategy to treat infections by these important human pathogens. Herein we report on structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the non-covalent active-site directed inhibitor (R)-5-amino-2-methyl-N-(1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethyl)benzamide (2b), which is known to bind into the S3 and S4 pockets of the SARS-CoV PLpro. Moreover, we report the discovery of isoindolines as a new class of potent PLpro inhibitors. The studies also provide a deeper understanding of the binding modes of this inhibitor class. Importantly, the inhibitors were also confirmed to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture suggesting that, due to the high structural similarities of the target proteases, inhibitors identified against SARS-CoV PLpro are valuable starting points for the development of new pan-coronaviral inhibitors.
Rational design of a new class of protease inhibitors for the potential treatment of coronavirus diseases	Westberg,  Michael,  Su, et al	bioRxiv	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Based on crystal structures of SARSCoV2 Mpro complexed with peptidomimetic inhibitors, we recognized a structural motif shared with approved inhibitors of hepatitis C virus protease. Initial tests showed that several HCV protease inhibitors could indeed also inhibit Mpro. Based on the identified molecular scaffolds we designed a new generation of ketoamide-based Mpro inhibitors with a preorganized backbone conformation. One of the designed inhibitors, ML1000, shows particularly high affinity towards Mpro and inhibits SARSCoV2 viral replication in human cells at sub-micromolar concentrations. Our findings identify ML1000 as a promising new scaffold for the development of anti-coronavirus drugs.
Viral genomics to inform infection control response in occupational COVID-19 transmission	Whyler,  NCA,  Sherry, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Transmission Clinical data| Données cliniques Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Healthcare workers are at increased risk of occupational transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We report two instances of healthcare workers contracting SARS-CoV-2 despite no known breach of personal protective equipment. Additional specific equipment cleaning was initiated. Viral genomic sequencing supported this transmission hypothesis and our subsequent response.
Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 70 Cases of Coronavirus Disease and Concomitant Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multicenter Descriptive Study	Wu,  J,  Yu, et al	J Viral Hepat	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	Analyzed 70 COVID-19 cases combined with HBV infection (CHI) to determine the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome, from 7 hospitals in  Jiangsu,  Hubai,  Anhui,  and  Zhejiang  Provinces of China. Multivariate analysis was used to analyze risk factors. Compared with COVID-19 without HBV infection (WHI) group, patients with dual infection had a higher proportion of severe / critically ill disease (32.86% vs. 15.27%, P = 0.000), higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and activated partial thromboplastin (APTT) 50(28-69)vs 21(14-30), P = 0.000; 40(25-54) vs 23(18-30), P = 0.000; 34.0(27.2-38.7) vs 37.2(31.1-41.4), P = 0.031]. The original characteristics of COVID-19 cases combined with HBV infection were higher rate of liver injury, coagulation disorders, severe/critical tendency, and increased susceptibility.
Follow-up Study of Long-time Positive RT-PCR in Stool Specimens From Asymptomatic Children Infected With SARS-CoV-2	Xie,  J,  Long, et al	Pediatr Infect Dis J	Clinical data| Données cliniques	In the current study, we report on 4 children with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, of which 3 of them were asymptomatic. These patients had both pharyngeal swabs and anal swabs testing during hospital or after discharge. All the 4 children showed long-time positive viral RNA in the stool specimens after pharyngeal swabs turned negative during the follow-up stage, especially in the asymptomatic children. The positive RNA in stool specimens of asymptomatic children last for more than 54 days after admission or 30 days after discharge.
Associations of procalcitonin, C-reaction protein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China	Xu,  JB,  Xu, et al	Sci Rep	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We aim to explore whether the baseline levels of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reaction protein (CRP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19. A retrospective study was conducted and a total of 76 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were included between January 17, 2020 to March 2, 2020, of these cases, 17 patients were dead. After adjusting covariates, PCT (≥ 0.10 ng/mL) and CRP (≥ 52.14 mg/L) exhibited independent increasing risks of mortality were used hazard ratio (HR) of 52.68 (95% confidence interval CI]: 1.77-1571.66) and 5.47 (95% CI: 1.04-28.72), respectively. However, NRL (≥ 3.59) was not found to be an independent risk factor for death in our study. Furthermore, the elevated PCT levels were still associated with increasing risk of mortality in the old age group (age ≥ 60 y), and in the critically severe and severe patients after adjustment for complications. Thu Baseline levels of PCT and CRP have been addressed as independent predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19.
COVID-19 after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: report of two children	Zamperlini-Netto,  G,  Fernandes, et al	Bone Marrow Transplant	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We report here the cases of two pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19 following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, therefore under immunosuppression when infected with the virus.
The relationship between autonomy, optimism, work engagement and organisational citizenship behaviour among nurses fighting COVID-19 in Wuhan: a serial multiple mediation	Zhang,  H,  Zhao, et al	BMJ Open	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This cross-sectional study aimed to test if the effect of autonomy on organisational citizenship behaviour through the mediating effects of optimism and work engagement.  In total, 242 nurses who came from multiple areas of China to work at the Wuhan Jinyintan hospital during the COVID-19 epidemic participated in this study. The autonomy-organisational citizenship behaviour relationship was mediated by optimism and work engagement, respectively. In addition, optimism and work engagement mediated this relationship serially.
Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Knowledge, Precaution Practice, and Associated Depression Symptoms among University Students in Korea, China, and Japan	Zhao,  B,  Kong, et al	Int J Environ Res Public Health	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study assessed university students' knowledge and precaution practices of COVID-19 in South Korea, China, and Japan, and investigated their depressive states during the pandemic. This cross-sectional survey collected data from 821 respondents from 23 March to 20 April 2020. High proportions of respondents showed good knowledge of the transmission pathways and information related to COVID-19. Contact history as well as concerns about family members and the disease showed statistically significant distinctions by nationality and gender. On the whole, all participants reported good levels of preventative practices. The Chinese group reported the highest preventative practice scores; and females scored higher than males. Moreover, the Japanese group showed the most severe depressive states; overall, females experienced more severe depression than males.
COVID-19: Effects of Environmental Conditions on the Propagation of Respiratory Droplets	Zhao,  L,  Qi, et al	Nano Lett	Transmission	In this study, we investigate the propagation of respiratory droplets and aerosol particles generated by speech under a wide range of temperatures (0-40 °C) and relative humidity (0-92%) conditions. We show that droplets can travel three times farther in low-temperature and high-humidity environment, whereas the number of aerosol particles increases in high-temperature and low-humidity environments. The results also underscore the importance of proper ventilation, as droplets and aerosol spread significantly farther in airstreams. This study contributes to the understanding of the environmental impact on COVID-19 transmission.
Reducing the Risk of COVID-19 Transmission in Dental Offices: A Review	Ashtiani,  RE,  Tehrani, et al	J Prosthodont	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Effect of obesity and body mass index on coronavirus disease 2019 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis	Chang,  TH,  Chou, et al	Obes Rev	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. obesity or high BMI increased the risk of hospitalization, severe disease and invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19. Physicians must be alert to these early indicators to identify critical patients.
The Longitudinal Immune Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019: Chasing the Cytokine Storm	Chau,  AS,  Weber, et al	Arthritis Rheumatol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Gastrointestinal implications in COVID-19	Dahiya,  DS,  Kichloo, et al	J Investig Med	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Currently prescribed drugs in the UK that could upregulate or downregulate ACE2 in COVID-19 disease: a systematic review	Dambha-Miller,  H,  Albasri, et al	BMJ Open	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and OpenGrey from inception to 1 April 2020. Our review indicates that the impact of currently prescribed drugs on ACE2 has been poorly studied in vivo, particularly in human lungs where the SARS-CoV-2 virus appears to enact its pathogenic effects. We found no convincing evidence to justify starting or stopping currently prescribed drugs to influence outcomes of COVID-19 disease.
Stroke Risk, phenotypes, and death in COVID-19: Systematic review and newly reported cases	Fridman,  S,  Bullrich, et al	Neurology	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA:  identified potential studies by performing a systematic search of titles published in any language between November 1, 2019 and May 29, 2020 in PubMed, medRxiv, bioRxiv, and Research Square search engines.  Stroke is relatively frequent among COVID-19 patients and has devastating consequences across all ages. The interplay of older age, comorbidities, and severity of COVID-19 respiratory symptoms is associated with an extremely elevated mortality.
Liquid biopsy technologies for hematological diseases	Fu,  Y,  Zhang, et al	Med Res Rev	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Olfactory disorders in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic literature review	Fuccillo,  E,  Saibene, et al	J Laryngol Otol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR
Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features	Haake,  C,  Cook, et al	Viruses	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Pharmacological hypothesis: TPC2 antagonist tetrandrine as a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19	Heister,  PM,  Poston, et al	Pharmacol Res Perspect	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
COVID-19 pandemic: The impact on vulnerable children and young people in Australia	Jones,  B,  Woolfenden, et al	J Paediatr Child Health	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Management of Graves'Thyroidal And Extrathyroidal Disease - An Update	Kahaly,  GJ	J Clin Endocrinol Metab	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Pathophysiology and treatment strategies for COVID-19	Kumar,  M,  Al Khodor, et al	J Transl Med	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
PMC7471877; Molecular diagnosis of COVID-19: Current situation and trend in China (Review)	Li,  N,  Wang, et al	Exp Ther Med	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic - a literature review for clinical practice	Lubbe,  W,  Botha, et al	Int Breastfeed J	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Biomarkers and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalisations: systematic review and meta-analysis	Malik,  P,  Patel, et al	BMJ Evid Based Med	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, medRxiv using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) from 1 December 2019 to 15 August 2020.
PMC7481176; How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents?	Marques de Miranda,  D,  da Silva Athanasio, et al	Int J Disaster Risk Reduct	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
SARS-CoV-2 and Dentistry-Review	Melo Neto,  CLM,  Bannwart, et al	Eur J Dent	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
COVID-19 and hepatic involvement: The liver as a main actor of the pandemic novel	Napodano,  C,  Pocino, et al	Scand J Immunol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
COVID-19 in benign hematology: emerging challenges and special considerations for healthcare professionals	Noun,  P,  Ibrahim, et al	Expert Rev Hematol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Relationship of D-dimer with severity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients : A meta-analysis	Nugroho,  J,  Wardhana, et al	Int J Lab Hematol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	MA: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, and MedRxiv databases were searched. Elevated D-dimer levels on admission were associated with an increased risk of disease severity and mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Neuromuscular presentations in patients with COVID-19	Paliwal,  VK,  Garg, et al	Neurol Sci	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Critical Care Guidance for Tracheostomy Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global, Multidisciplinary Approach	Pandian,  V,  Morris, et al	Am J Crit Care	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
COVID-19 and electrophysiology procedures-review, reset, reboot!!!	Pothineni,  NVK,  Santangeli, et al	J Interv Card Electrophysiol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
The role of fit testing N95/FFP2/FFP3 masks: a narrative review	Regli,  A,  Sommerfield, et al	Anaesthesia	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
T cell responses and therapies against SARS-CoV-2 infection	Toor,  SM,  Saleh, et al	Immunology	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Vaccines for COVID-19	Tregoning,  JS,  Brown, et al	Clin Exp Immunol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
The association between COVID-19 and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Wang,  Y,  Ao, et al	Clin Exp Allergy	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA:   search  in  Pubmed,  Embase,  Cochrane library,  Web  of  Science  and  China  National  Knowledge  Infrastructure  (CNKI) from inception to August 5, 2020. there is no clear evidence about whether patients with asthma were at a higher risk of severe or fatal COVID-19.
RNA Drugs and RNA Targets for Small Molecules: Principles, Progress, and Challenges	Yu,  AM,  Choi, et al	Pharmacol Rev	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
[Progress in research of specific antibody dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19]	Zhao,  HT,  Peng, et al	Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Thrombocytopenia Is Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Outcome: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 5637 Patients with Multiple Outcomes	Zong,  X,  Gu, et al	Lab Med	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	MA: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies between December 1, 2019, and March 15, 2020. Overall, the present comprehensive meta-analysis indicated that approximately 12% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 have TCP, which also represents a sign of more severe illness and poor outcomes.
Letter from Iran: Experiences with COVID-19	Abbasi-Oshaghi,  E,  Mirzaei, et al	Respirology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Researchers highlight 'questionable' data in Russian coronavirus vaccine trial results	Abbott,  A	Nature	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
When Duty House Calls	Acosta,  LMY	Neurology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
'Most at risk' for COVID19? The imperative to expand the definition from biological to social factors for equity	Afifi,  RA,  Novak, et al	Prev Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Letter to the Editor: Care of the Patient with IBD Requiring Hospitalisation During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Al-Ani,  A,  Prentice, et al	J Crohns Colitis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Understanding the US failure on coronavirus-an essay by Drew Altman	Altman,  D	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
From doctors as patients: a manifesto for tackling persisting symptoms of covid-19	Alwan,  NA,  Attree, et al	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Caring for the Caregivers: Mental and Spiritual Support for Healthcare Teams During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond	Amiel,  GE,  Ulitzur, et al	J Cancer Educ	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 in South American Children: A Call For Action	Antúnez-Montes,  OY,  Escamilla, et al	Pediatr Infect Dis J	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Delivering Care From an Unstable Evidence Base: The Evolving Care of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Through the Lens of High-Flow Nasal Oxygen	Auld,  SC,  Caridi-Scheible, et al	Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Up Is Down - Pharmaceutical Industry Caution vs. Federal Acceleration of Covid-19 Vaccine Approval	Avorn,  J,  Kesselheim, et al	N Engl J Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7334955; Re: Lan Zhu, Nianqiao Gong, Bin Liu, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Immunosuppressed Renal Transplant Recipients: A Summary of 10 Confirmed Cases in Wuhan, China. Eur Urol 2020;77:748-54	Bansal,  A,  Kumar, et al	Eur Urol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19: All the wrong moves in all the wrong places	Barrett,  CD,  Yaffe, et al	Sci Signal	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
ACE polymorphisms and COVID-19-related mortality in Europe	Bellone,  M,  Calvisi, et al	J Mol Med (Berl)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Reply to Fekkar et al.: Fungal Infection during COVID-19: Does Aspergillus Mean Secondary Invasive Aspergillosis?	Bentvelsen,  RG,  van Arkel, et al	Am J Respir Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Demand for Surgical Procedures Following COVID-19: The Need for Operational Strategies That Optimize Resource Utilization and Value	Berlin,  NL,  Dimick, et al	Ann Surg	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Gastrointestinal Malignancies and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence-Based Triage to Surgery	Bhat,  PKR,  Santosh Kumar, et al	J Gastrointest Surg	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Regulatory Sandboxes: A Cure for mHealth Pilotitis?	Bhatia,  A,  Matthan, et al	J Med Internet Res	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Kidney injury associated with COVID-19	Blum,  D,  Meraz-Munoz, et al	Cmaj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The COVID-NMA Project: Building an Evidence Ecosystem for the COVID-19 Pandemic	Boutron,  I,  Chaimani, et al	Ann Intern Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during pregnancy in patients with rheumatic diseases	Boyadzhieva,  VV,  Stoilov, et al	Rheumatol Int	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Perinatal mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic	Brown,  S	World Psychiatry	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID 19: Ethical dilemmas in human lives	Bustan,  S,  Nacoti, et al	J Eval Clin Pract	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Correspondence on ‘Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance physician-reported registry’ by Gianfrancesco M et al. The impact of cardiovascular comor	Cacciapaglia,  F,  Manfredi, et al	Ann Rheum Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Smoke Evacuation Filters After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Technical Awareness for Safety	Campanile,  FC,  Campanile, et al	Ann Surg	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Drugs of unproven benefit for COVID-19: a pharma perspective on ethical allocation of available therapies	Caplan,  AL,  Waldstreicher, et al	J Clin Invest	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Why the Intensivist Is More Important Than Ever	Cereda,  M,  Deutschman, et al	Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Well-being, obstetrics and gynaecology and COVID-19: Leaving no trainee behind	Chan,  GMF,  Kanneganti, et al	Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
A Novel Mucosal Adjuvant System for Immunization against Avian Coronavirus Causing Infectious Bronchitis	Chandrasekar,  SS,  Kingstad-Bakke, et al	J Virol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Legal and policy responses to the delivery of abortion care during COVID-19	Chloe Romanis,  E,  Parsons, et al	Int J Gynaecol Obstet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Saliva is not a useful diagnostic specimen in children with Coronavirus Disease 2019	Chong,  CY,  Kam, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7418491 www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M20-4806; Update Alert 3: Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Coronavirus Infection in Health Care Workers	Chou,  R,  Dana, et al	Ann Intern Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Cortisol concentrations and mortality from COVID-19	Choy,  KayW	The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19: spiritual interventions for the living and the dead	Corpuz,  JCG	J Public Health (Oxf)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Can Disinfection Robots Reduce the Risk of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Health Care and Educational Settings?	Cresswell,  K,  Sheikh, et al	J Med Internet Res	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Evaluating approaches to designing effective Co-Created hand-hygiene interventions for children in India, Sierra Leone and the UK	Crosby,  S,  Younie, et al	PLoS One	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 clinical trials: ethical and scientific consequences of the RECOVERY trial results	Dal-Ré,  R,  Porcher, et al	Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Acute Kidney Injury and COVID-19: Attention to Inflammatory Phenotype	Deep,  A,  Bansal, et al	Pediatr Infect Dis J	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Major depressive disorder due to social isolation during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: an elderly woman's first episode of major depressive disorder	Deguchi,  Y,  Iwasaki, et al	Psychogeriatrics	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Tuberculosis Elimination in the Era of COVID-19: A Moving Target	Dookie,  N,  Padayatchi, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7455173; The COVID-19 pandemic - from great challenge to unique opportunity: Perspective(☆)	Duek,  I,  Fliss, et al	Ann Med Surg (Lond)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Reply to: Anti-FXa Activity with Intermediate Dose Thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19	Dutt,  T,  Simcox, et al	Am J Respir Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: Doctors working outside their expertise are unlikely to face GMC charges	Dyer,  C	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting	Edridge,  AWD,  Kaczorowska, et al	Nat Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Convalescent plasma for covid-19	Estcourt,  LJ,  Roberts, et al	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
5 classes of antihypertensive drugs were not linked to positive COVID-19 test results or severe COVID-19	Fekete,  T	Ann Intern Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7236893; The New Normal: Key Considerations for Effective Serious Illness Communication Over Video or Telephone During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic	Flint,  L,  Kotwal, et al	Ann Intern Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) has neurotropic and neuroinvasive properties	Flores,  G	Int J Clin Pract	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The impact of COVID-19 on health systems, mental health and the potential for nursing	Frawley,  T,  Van Gelderen, et al	Ir J Psychol Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Comment on CoVID-19 in patients with myasthenia gravis	Galassi,  G,  Marchioni, et al	Muscle Nerve	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Host Synthesized Carbohydrate Antigens on Viral Glycoproteins as "Achilles' Heel" of Viruses Contributing to Anti-Viral Immune Protection	Galili,  U	Int J Mol Sci	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Sustained Online Amplification of COVID-19 Elites in the United States	Gallagher,  RyanJ,  Doroshenko, et al	arXiv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Unique Challenges for Otolaryngology Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Ghulam-Smith,  M,  Choi, et al	Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Using Telementoring to Share Best Practices on COVID-19 in Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Facilities	Gleason,  LJ,  Beiting, et al	J Am Geriatr Soc	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19's Impact on Health Disparities	Grove,  BP,  Ver, et al	Am Fam Physician	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Adaptations and Innovations to Minimize Service Disruption for Patients with Severe Mental Illness during COVID-19: Perspectives and Reflections from an Assertive Community Psychiatry Program	Guan,  I,  Kirwan, et al	Community Ment Health J	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Type 2 diabetes and metabolic surgery guidelines and recommendations should urgently be unified	Halpern,  B,  Mancini, et al	Acta Diabetol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Palliative care provision at a tertiary cancer center during a global pandemic	Hannon,  B,  Mak, et al	Support Care Cancer	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
A Marshall Plan for Children's Mental Health After COVID-19	Hoagwood,  KE,  Kelleher, et al	Psychiatr Serv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Temporal Trends in Arrhythmogenicity Related to Treatment of COVID-19 Infection	Hummel,  JP,  Maraj, et al	Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: Government must fund extra NHS capacity to tackle backlog, BMA urges	Iacobucci,  G	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID 19 Treated with Oral Steroid	Jain,  MK,  Sahu, et al	Indian J Pediatr	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and developing countries: lessons learnt from the Sri Lankan experience	Jayasena,  H,  Chinthaka, et al	J R Soc Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: How does Belarus have one of the lowest death rates in Europe?	Karáth,  K	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
A Psychological Perspective on the Association between Critical Care Resource Availability and Emotional Wellness during the COVID-19 Pandemic	Kaslow,  NJ,  White, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
To the editor: Interventional radiology in the COVID-19 era: Crisis and opportunity	Katsanos,  K,  Kitrou, et al	CVIR Endovasc	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The conundrum of using hyperoxia in COVID-19 treatment strategies: may intermittent therapeutic hyperoxia play a helpful role in the expression of the surface receptors ACE2 and Furin in lung tissue via triggering of HIF-1α?	Koch,  A,  Kähler, et al	Intensive Care Med Exp	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Home sleep apnea testing in the era of COVID-19: a community perspective	Kole,  A	J Clin Sleep Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Obesity and diabetes as comorbidities for COVID-19: Underlying mechanisms and the role of viral-bacterial interactions	Kruglikov,  IL,  Shah, et al	Elife	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Interest in Global COVID-19 Vaccine Alliance Grows	Kuehn,  BM	Jama	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The Impact of Social Distancing on People with Borderline Personality Disorder: The Views of Dialectical Behavioural Therapists	Lakeman,  R,  Crighton, et al	Issues Ment Health Nurs	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Further explanations for the eq. (3) in "Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan"	Lin,  QS,  Hu, et al	Infect Dis Poverty	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19-Associated Deaths in San Francisco: the Important Role of Dementia and Atypical Presentations in Long-term Care Facilities	Louie,  JK,  Scott, et al	J Gen Intern Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7232073; The Thoracic Surgery Social Media Network Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Luc,  JGY,  Archer, et al	Ann Thorac Surg	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19, remote working and paediatric training: what can we learn?	Lythgoe,  H,  Pain, et al	Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Reply to Lipworth et al.: Inhaled Corticosteroids and COVID-19	Maes,  T,  Bracke, et al	Am J Respir Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: RECOVERY trial will evaluate "antiviral antibody cocktail"	Mahase,  E	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Respiratory management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19	Makkar,  P,  Pastores, et al	Respirology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
GI Training in the COVID-19 Era: A Problem of Global Concern	Marasco,  G,  Maida, et al	Dig Dis Sci	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Charges of COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing and Antibody Testing Across Facility Types and States	Meiselbach,  MK,  Bai, et al	J Gen Intern Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
A global health perspective on SARS-CoV-2-hazards, disaster and hope	Meyer,  S,  Papan, et al	Wien Med Wochenschr	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Electrocardiographic Changes and Arrhythmias in Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)	Moey,  MYY,  Sengodan, et al	Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Home Video Visits: 2-D View of the Geriatric 5-Ms	Moo,  LR	J Am Geriatr Soc	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Telepsychiatry, Hospitals, and the COVID-19 Pandemic	Morris,  NP,  Hirschtritt, et al	Psychiatr Serv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2	Mudgal,  R,  Nehul, et al	Hum Vaccin Immunother	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Developing Guidelines Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic	Munn,  Z,  Twaddle, et al	Ann Intern Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Comparing mortalities of the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and of the 1918-19 winter pandemic influenza wave in the USA	Muscatello,  DJ,  McIntyre, et al	Int J Epidemiol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Hospital discharge data quality and COVID-19	O'Donovan,  C,  Reid, et al	Health Inf Manag	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic on the future of cadaveric dissection anatomical teaching	Ooi,  SZY,  Ooi, et al	Med Educ Online	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Heartbeat: interaction of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blocking drugs with COVID-19 disease susceptibility and severity	Otto,  CM	Heart	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Cortisol concentrations and mortality from COVID-19	Pal,  Rimesh,  Banerjee, et al	The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Risk Assessment of Autopsy-Acquired SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (COVID-19)	Parkash,  V,  Smith, et al	Arch Pathol Lab Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 pandemic danger: Acute alcohol intoxication in a 5-year-old following ingestion of an ethyl-alcohol-based hand sanitiser	Patidar,  NJ,  Juengling, et al	J Paediatr Child Health	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7403028; Editoral commentary: Cardiac involvement in SARS-CoV-2-associated inflammatory syndromes	Picichè,  M	Trends Cardiovasc Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Addressing racial inequalities in a pandemic: data limitations and a call for critical analyses	Pilecco,  FláviaB,  Leite, et al	The Lancet Global Health	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Adherence and Self-Management	Plevinsky,  JM,  Young, et al	J Pediatr Psychol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Caveats of Reporting Cycles Threshold from SARS-CoV-2 Qualitative PCR Assays: A Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory Perspective	Poon,  KS,  Wen-Sim Tee, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Diabetic ketoacidosis in the time of COVID-19 and resource-limited settings: role of subcutaneous insulin	Priyambada,  L,  Wolfsdorf, et al	Pediatr Diabetes	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Safety and Utility of Chloroquine/ Hydroxychloroquine in Palliative Care Patients	Prommer,  E	Am J Hosp Palliat Care	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: An efficient and effective test trace regime is not a numbers game	Rae,  M,  Friedman, et al	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Effective approaches towards eliminating cervical cancer from low-and middle-income countries amid COVID-19 pandemic	Rahman,  MS,  Gultekin, et al	Int J Gynecol Cancer	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Anti-FXa Activity with Intermediate Dose Thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19	Rappaport,  SH,  Clark, et al	Am J Respir Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: Implication GPs haven't seen patients in person is an insult, says RCGP	Rimmer,  A	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: Doctors call for public inquiry into UK government's handling of pandemic	Rimmer,  A	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Hikikomori: a hidden mental health need following the COVID-19 pandemic	Rooksby,  M,  Furuhashi, et al	World Psychiatry	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Dizziness and COVID-19	Saniasiaya,  J,  Kulasegarah, et al	Ear Nose Throat J	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7325643; The value of targeting recombination as a strategy against coronavirus diseases	Santiago,  E,  Caballero, et al	Heredity (Edinb)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Field-based sciences must transform in response to COVID-19	Scerri,  EML,  Kühnert, et al	Nat Ecol Evol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7480975 of interest; Improvised rental housing to make cities COVID safe in India	Sethi,  M,  Mittal, et al	Cities	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Worsening behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic	Shea,  YF,  Shum, et al	Psychogeriatrics	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The pooled prevalence of pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19	Shi,  L,  Xu, et al	Intensive Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prediction Modeling: Everything Old Is NEWS Again	Sibley,  S,  Maslove, et al	Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Bridging the Gap at Warp Speed - Delivering Options for Preventing and Treating Covid-19	Slaoui,  M,  Greene, et al	N Engl J Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Telehealth Success Spurs a Call for Greater Post-COVID-19 License Portability	Slomski,  A	Jama	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Severe COVID-19 infection in a child receiving immunotherapy for cancer	Smith,  VR,  Whittle, et al	Pediatr Blood Cancer	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Immunomodulators in COVID-19 - Two Sides to Every Coin	Snow,  TA,  Singer, et al	Am J Respir Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Seeking Answers for Care Homes during the COVID-19 pandemic (COVID SEARCH)	Spilsbury,  K,  Devi, et al	Age Ageing	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Should we let fever run its course in the early stages of COVID-19?	Steiner,  AA	J R Soc Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and psychiatrists' responsibilities: a WPA position paper	Stewart,  DE,  Appelbaum, et al	World Psychiatry	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS): what does the future hold?	Sudhakar,  M,  Vignesh, et al	Ann Rheum Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
WNTRAC: Artificial Intelligence Assisted Tracking of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions Implemented Worldwide for COVID-19	Suryanarayanan,  Parthasarathy,  Tsou, et al	arXiv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Educational and Psychological Support for Medical Students During the COVID-19 Outbreak	Tabari,  P,  Amini, et al	Med Educ	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Cortisol concentrations and mortality from COVID-19 – Authors' reply	Tan,  Tricia,  Khoo, et al	The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and diabetes: a co-conspiracy?	The Lancet,  Diabetes,  amp, et al	The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Kidney Injury as Leading COVID-19 Presentation in an Adolescent	Tram,  N,  Chiodini, et al	Pediatr Infect Dis J	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19 in Patients with Connective Tissue Disease-Related Interstitial Lung Disease	Troung,  L,  Pourzand, et al	J Rheumatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 health anxiety	Tyrer,  P	World Psychiatry	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Comment on: Transforming ophthalmic education into virtual learning during COVID-19 pandemic: a global perspective	Tzoumas,  N,  Boote, et al	Eye (Lond)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Mercurius solubilis as Genus Epidemicus for the COVID-19 Pandemic	Vaishampayan,  S,  Mutreja, et al	Homeopathy	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Development of a framework for critical care resource allocation for the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan	Valiani,  S,  Terrett, et al	Cmaj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7418583; Author Correction: COVAN is the new HIVAN: the re-emergence of collapsing glomerulopathy with COVID-19	Velez,  JCQ,  Caza, et al	Nat Rev Nephrol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Spasticity Outpatient Evaluation via Telemedicine: A Practical Framework	Verduzco-Gutierrez,  M,  Romanoski, et al	Am J Phys Med Rehabil	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
SARS-CoV-2 in the kidney: bystander or culprit?	Vijayan,  A,  Humphreys, et al	Nat Rev Nephrol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Facial masks in children: the position statement of the Italian pediatric society	Villani,  A,  Bozzola, et al	Ital J Pediatr	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Guiding Principles for the Conduct of Observational Critical Care Research for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemics and Beyond: The Society of Critical Care Medicine Discovery Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study Registry	Walkey,  AJ,  Sheldrick, et al	Crit Care Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7406207; Getting to a New Normal: Mandating That Patients Wear Masks as Hospitals Fully Reopen during the Coronavirus Pandemic: Comment	Wang,  H,  Cain, et al	Anesthesiology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Type I IFN deficiency: an immunological characteristic of severe COVID-19 patients	Wang,  Z,  Pan, et al	Signal Transduct Target Ther	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Adaptation of evidence-based suicide prevention strategies during and after the COVID-19 pandemic	Wasserman,  D,  Iosue, et al	World Psychiatry	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
USNS COMFORT (T-AH 20) Surgical Services Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City	Worlton,  T,  Uber, et al	Ann Surg	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19: a tried-and-true old strategy?	Xi,  Y	Signal Transduct Target Ther	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Research ethics during a pandemic (COVID-19)	Yeoh,  KW,  Shah, et al	Int Health	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Maximising the impact of social prescribing on population health in the era of COVID-19	Younan,  HC,  Junghans, et al	J R Soc Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Reply to Amit Bansal and Anant Kumar’s Letter to the Editor re: Lan Zhu, Nianqiao Gong, Bin Liu, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Immunosuppressed Renal Transplant Recipients: A Summary of 10 Confirmed Cases in Wuhan, China. Eur Urol 2020;77:7	Zhu,  L,  Chen, et al	Eur Urol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus research updates: A groundbreaking guide to making 'cocktails' to treat COVID-19		Nature	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7434026; Images from the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic		Anesthesiology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Scientific Presentation Abstracts: 2020 ACVS Virtual Sessions. The 2020 ACVS Surgery Summit will not be held due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Abstracts will be presented virtually August-November 2020		Vet Surg	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
24th Collegium Ramazzini statement prevention of work-related infection in the COVID-19 pandemic		Occup Environ Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial

Appendix: Process and definitions. 

A daily search for new publications is conducted in PubMed, Scopus, BioRxiv and MedRxiv, SSRN, Research Square, arXiv for all publications related to COVID-19 disease or SARS-CoV-2 using the search terms (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR "novel CoV" OR "novel coronavirus" OR nCoV) adapted to each database.  The capture is cross-referenced with publication announcements on the COVID-19 dashboards set up by a number of publishers and google.  Publishers include Lancet, Elsevier, The New England Journal of Medicine, BMJ, Wiley, Springer Nature, ChinaCDCweekly. Additionally the database is cross-referenced with other literature scans e.g. WHO publication list and activities by collaborators.  Members of the Emerging Sciences group develop 1 -2 point summaries of each publication. Please email Lisa Waddell for additional information: Lisa.Waddell@canada.ca.  References are compiled in a reworks database that has citations since the beginning of the outbreak.  All references can be accessed at this link and by the categories listed below.  The daily scan has also been compiled in an excel sheet and copies can be provided upon request or accessed here.

Category Definitions:

Modelling/ prediction: Predictive modeling is a process that uses data mining and probability to forecast outcomes. Each model is made up of a number of predictors, which are variables that are likely to influence future results.

Epidemiology: the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. Includes Ro, attack rates, case number doubling time, case fatality rate, serial interval, clinical attack rate, asymptomatic fraction, proportion of asymptomatic and infective*

Transmission: The passage of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host to an uninfected host via direct or indirect routes.

Clinical data of cases: Includes clinical parameters such as incubation period, latent period, period of communicability, duration of illness, duration of hospitalization, host risk factors, as well as clinical profiles of patients; presenting symptoms, symptoms over course of illness, sequelae, comorbidities.* 

Surveillance: Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data.  Surveillance data will likely be number of cases suspected/confirmed, number of deaths, number recovered. *

Coronavirology: All research relating to the virus; its characteristics, genetic make-up, phylogenetic analyses

Diagnostics / Pathogen detection:  All studies on identification of the virus; culture, PCR, antibody/antigen tests etc.

Therapeutics: Studies of substances that may be used to treat infected hosts including passive immunization products.

Vaccine Research:  Studies of vaccine candidates to prevent infection with 2019-nCoV including clinical trials.

Public Health Priorities: These citations will focus on what the current research priorities are and/or where knowledge gaps exist.

Public Health interventions*: Any study evaluating how effective a public health intervention is or maybe (in the case of a predictive model).

Public Health response: These papers are typically overviews of past and current activities, they often also identify knowledge gaps and suggest future activities or objectives.

Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI): Any research on the effectiveness of IPC interventions should also be tagged as IPC

Health care Response: This foci would include a description of activities to deal with 2019-nCoV cases including, but not limited to:  set up of a special emergency multi-disciplinary intensive care team; Bed and medical equipment preparation/ stock piling supplies; Education and training of staff; Early case recognition and classification of disease severity.

Economics: papers discussing/ forecasting the economics of COVID-19 pandemic.

Immunology:

Animal Model:

Zoonotic: all literature discussing the transmission to and from or occurrence of naturally acquired SARS-COV-2 infection in animals.

Review Literature:  All articles that summarize the published literature can be tagged as a review.  This includes systematic review, meta-analysis, scoping review, overviews, umbrella reviews*

Commentary/Editorial: For commentaries, editorials, letters to the editor, other types of opinion pieces where there is no new data collected by the author or analysis conducted by the author, please tag these within the commentary category.

News articles that have not scientific information.

*Lists are not exhaustive

Annexe: Processus et définitions. 

Une recherche quotidienne des nouvelles publications est effectuée dans PubMed, Scopus, BioRxiv and MedRxiv, SSRN, Research Square, arXiv pour toutes les publications relatives à la maladie COVID-19 ou au SRAS-CoV-2 en utilisant les termes de recherche (COVID-19 OU SARS-CoV-2 OU « novel CoV » OU « novel coronavirus » OU nCoV).  La saisie renvoie à des annonces de publication sur les tableaux de bord du nCoV mis en place par un certain nombre d'éditeurs et par Google.  Parmi les éditeurs figurent Lancet, Elsevier, The New England Journal of Medicine, BMJ, Wiley, Springer Nature, ChinaCDCweekly.  En outre, la base de données renvoie à d'autres survols de publications, e.g. la liste des publications de l'OMS, et à des activités des collaborateurs.  Les membres du groupe scientifique émergent préparent des résumés en 1 ou 2 points de chaque publication. Pour en savoir plus, veuillez envoyer un courriel à Lisa Waddell au : Lisa.Waddell@canada.ca.  Les références sont compilées dans une base de données Refworks qui contient des citations depuis le début de l'épidémie.  Toutes les références sont accessibles à partir de ce lien et par les catégories énumérées ci-dessous. L'analyse quotidienne a également été compilée dans une feuille Excel et des copies peuvent être fournies sur demande ou consultées ici.

Définitions des catégories :

Modélisation / prédiction : La modélisation prédictive est un processus qui utilise l'exploration de données et la probabilité pour prévoir les résultats. Chaque modèle est composé de plusieurs prédicteurs, qui sont des variables susceptibles d'influencer les résultats futurs.

Épidémiologie : Branche de la médecine qui traite de l'incidence, de la répartition et du contrôle éventuel des maladies et d'autres facteurs liés à la santé. Comprend le taux de reproduction de base (Ro), les taux d'attaque, le temps de doublement du nombre de cas, le taux de létalité, l'intervalle sériel, le taux d'attaque clinique, la fraction asymptomatique, la proportion de cas asymptomatiques et infectieux*.

Transmission : Passage d'un agent pathogène causant une maladie transmissible d'un hôte infecté à un hôte non infecté par des voies directes ou indirectes.

Données cliniques des cas : Comprend les paramètres cliniques tels que la période d'incubation, la période de latence, la période de contagiosité, la durée de la maladie, la durée de l'hospitalisation, les facteurs de risque de l'hôte, ainsi que les profils cliniques des patients; les symptômes présentés, les symptômes au cours de la maladie, les séquelles, les comorbidités.* 

Surveillance : La surveillance de la santé publique est la collecte, l'analyse et l'interprétation continues et systématiques de données relatives à la santé.  Les données de surveillance concerneront probablement le nombre de cas suspects / confirmés, le nombre de décès, le nombre de personnes guéries. *

Coronavirologie : Toutes les recherches relatives au virus, ses caractéristiques, sa constitution génétique et les analyses phylogénétiques.

Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes : Toutes les études sur l'identification du virus : culture, PCR, tests de dépistage d'anticorps ou d’antigènes, etc.

Thérapeutique : Étude des substances pouvant être utilisées pour traiter les hôtes infectés, y compris les produits d'immunisation passive.

Recherche sur les vaccins : Études des candidats à la vaccination pour prévenir l'infection par le 2019-nCoV, y compris des essais cliniques.

Priorités de santé publique : Ces citations porteront sur les priorités actuelles de recherche et/ou sur les lacunes dans les connaissances.

Interventions de santé publique* : Toute étude évaluant l'efficacité (réelle ou possible) d'une intervention de santé publique (dans le cas d'un modèle prédictif).

Réponse de la santé publique : Ces articles sont généralement des aperçus des activités passées et actuelles, qui identifient souvent les lacunes dans les connaissances et suggèrent des activités ou des objectifs futurs.

Prévention et contrôle des infections/Infection Prevention and Control (PCI/IPAC) : Les recherches sur l'efficacité des interventions en PCI doivent également être marquées comme PCI.

Réponse des soins de santé : Ce point comprendrait une description des activités pour traiter les cas de 2019-nCoV, notamment :  mise en place d'une équipe multidisciplinaire spéciale de soins intensifs d'urgence; préparation des lits et des équipements médicaux / stockage des fournitures; sensibilisation et formation du personnel; reconnaissance précoce des cas et classification de la gravité de la maladie.

Immunologie :

Modèle animal:

Zoonotic: all literature discussing the transmission to and from or occurrence of naturally acquired SARS-COV-2 infection in animals.

Économie: documents discutant / prévoyant l'économie de la pandémie de COVID-19

Revue de la documentation :  Tous les articles qui résument les documents publiés peuvent être marqués comme une revue.  Cela comprend les revues systématiques, les méta-analyses, les études de la portée, les aperçus, les examens généraux*.

Commentaires/Éditorial : Pour les commentaires, éditoriaux, lettres à la rédaction, autres types d'articles d'opinion pour lesquels aucune nouvelle donnée n'est collectée ou aucune analyse n'est effectuée par l'auteur, veuillez les marquer dans la catégorie des commentaires.

journaux Articles de presse qui n'ont pas d'informations scientifiques.

* Les listes ne sont pas exhaustives