Good afternoon,

There are 561 citations in today’s scan. 346 were considered primary research or review literature.

Highlights today include:

CANADA

· Fafard et al. conducted a qualitative study of news releases from Canadian provincial government websites during the initial phases of the COVID-19 outbreak between Jan. 21 and Mar. 31, 2020. They identified 290 news releases. Four broad thematic categories emerged: describing the government's preparedness and capacity building, issuing recommendations and mandates, expressing reassurance and encouraging the public, and promoting public responsibility. Most of the news releases were prescriptive, conveying recommendations and mandates to slow transmission. 

· Karatayev et al. developed a spatially structured stochastic model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, testing, and school and workplace closure in Ontario in order to address three questions: 1) Are closures best lifted at the scale of an entire province or on a county-by-county basis? 2) Does coordination of testing protocols and reopening criteria between counties improve outcomes? 3) How well can a spatially phased approach work in the early stages of the epidemic? They used their model to determine the timing and organizational scale at which school and workplace reopening strategies can minimize both the number of infections and person-days lost to closures, during the late-stage and early-stage epidemic. Results suggest that plans for reopening economies on the far side of the COVID-19 epidemic curve should consider preceding larger-scale reopenings with local reopenings. However, for this to work, the trigger conditions need to be coordinated by the province: Individual counties cannot draw up guidelines independently.

· Lachappelle, F. (UBC) developed a tool for tracking COVID-19 preprints, and rate of publication as peer-reviewed articles. He also introduces a new API called Upload-or-Perish. It is a micro-API service that enables a client to query a specific preprint manuscript's publication status and associated meta-data using a unique ID. This tool is in active development.

PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION

· Dhakal et al. built an interactive assistant to  diagnose the symptoms related to COVID-19 using the guidelines provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). 

· Mukherjee et al. built an epidemiological model to investigate the strategies necessary for educational institutions to reopen. The four measures that are most relevant for in-person reopening are (i) wide-spread rapid testing, (ii) mask-wearing, (iii) social distancing, and (iv) contact tracing. The authors demonstrated that institutions need to test at a relatively high level in reopening initial phases. Contact tracing is relatively more important when the positivity rate from random testing is relatively low, likely during the initial phases.

· Losina et al. We examined the clinical and economic value of different COVID-19 mitigation strategies on college campuses. Findings show that extensive social distancing with mandatory mask-wearing could prevent 87% of COVID-19 cases on college campuses and be very cost-effective. Routine laboratory testing would prevent 96% of infections and require low cost tests to be economically attractive.

TRANSMISSION

· Dai et al. showed that salmon-attached SARS-CoV-2 at 4°C could remain infectious for more than one week, suggesting that fish-attached SARS-CoV-2 may be a source of transmission.

· Burridge (preprint) presents a model that can determine the relative risk of indoor transmission based on modelled or monitored CO2 data and occupancy levels.  For regularly occupied spaces (e.g. office or school setting) an absolute risk of airborne infection can be calculated. 

· Ferretti et al estimate the intervals between infection, symptom onset and transmission on 191 transmission pairs.  They show that for symptomatic individuals, timing of transmission is more closely linked to onset of clinical symptoms (centred within +/- 3 days) than to the time since infection. They found also that the pre-symptomatic infection period extended further back in time for individuals with longer incubation periods, underlining the importance of collecting information on when a case was infected. Finally they found that transmission from pre-symptomatic infections was high limiting the efficacy of symptom-based interventions.

IPAC

· Schaller et al conducted a double-blind randomized controlled study which found that sterile surgical helmet systems (SSHS) did not protect against aerosol particulate and therefore are not efficacious in protection against COVID-19. The fan system employed may even increase risk to the surgeon by drawing in particulates as well as delay recognition of intraoperative cues, such as exhaust from diathermy, that point to respirator mask leak.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

· Shelton et al. report genetic and non-genetic associations between COVID-19 diagnosis, infection associated respiratory symptoms, and hospitalization. Risk factors for hospitalization included advancing age, male sex, elevated body mass index, lower socio-economic status, non-European ancestry, and pre-existing cardio-metabolic and respiratory conditions. A strong association between blood type and COVID-19 diagnosis, a gene-rich locus on chr3p21.31, and outcome severity were also identified.

· Valev et al. apply data from countries with populations over 30 million to demonstrate a strong association between COVID-19 cases and deaths per million population. This association was strongest among countries with higher GDP per capita, human development index, suggesting the richest and more “well-being” nations are more seriously impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

· Quast et al estimated roughly 1.2 million years of life lost (YLLs) due to COVID-19 deaths in the United States. The YLLs for the top six jurisdictions exceeded those for the remaining 43. On a per-capita basis, female YLLs were generally higher than male YLLs throughout the country. 

· Lee et al. This study examines ocular manifestations of COVID-19 patients in Korea. Symptoms of positive upper respiratory infection and lower creatine phosphokinase were determined to be related to positive ocular symptoms. Conjunctival congestion was noted in seven patients. In the subgroup analysis, the conjunctival congestion-positive patients exhibited higher positivity of upper respiratory infection symptoms (100%) as compared with those in the negative group (40%, P = 0.017).

CLINICAL DATA

· Van Elslande et al. describe a case of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection by a phylogenetically distinct strain, 4.5 months after the resolution of the initial infection. Full-length genome sequencing revealed the initial infection was caused by a lineage B.1.1 SARS-CoV-2 virus, while the relapsing infection was caused by a lineage A.

· Fernandes Valente Takeda et al describe a case series of 6 healthcare professionals recovered from laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 who continued to present with recurrent episodes consistent with COVID-19 up to 70 days following their initial illness. Symptoms on recurrence included fever, myalgia, sore throat, weakness and hypoxemia, RT-PCR results were positive, and serology testing showed negative initial results with some patients later seroconverting.

SURVEILLANCE

· Fernández-de-Mera et al report on environmental sampling in households and public spaces in a town in Spain with a high 6% COVID-19 prevalence.  Despite sampling during a time with few active cases in the village per medical records (May 13 and June 5, 2020), they detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 7 of 57 (12%) samples, including three households and three public sites (petrol station, city hall, pharmacy).  Wastewater sampling from the town sewage system was negative.

IMMUNOLOGY

· Peng et al studied T cell memory in 42 patients following recovery from COVID-19 (28 with mild disease and 14 with severe disease). The breadth and magnitude of T cell responses were significantly higher in severe as compared with mild cases. Total and spike-specific T cell responses correlated with spike-specific antibody responses. In mild cases, higher proportions of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells were observed. They also identified 41 peptides containing CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) epitopes, including six immunodominant regions.

· Gao et al characterized SARS-CoV-2-specific B-cell and T-cell responses in 10 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 patients and 49 patients with mild/moderate/severe disease. They found that asymptomatic or mild symptomatic patients failed to mount virus-specific germinal center (GC) B cell responses that result in robust and long-term humoral immunity, bud did mount potent virus-specific TH1 and CD8+ T cell responses. In sharp contrast, patients of moderate or severe disease induced vigorous virus-specific GC B cell responses and associated TFH responses; however, the virus-specific TH1 and CD8+ T cells were minimally induced in these patients.

CORONAVIROLOGY

· Xiong, et al. present a G protein-deficient vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVdG) bearing a truncated spike protein (S with C-terminal 18 amino acid truncation) was compared to that bearing the full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and showed much higher efficiency. A neutralization assay was established based on VSV-SARS-CoV-2-Sdel18 pseudovirus and hACE2-overexpressing BHK21 cells (BHK21-hACE2 cells). The serum neutralizing titer measured by the VSV-SARS-CoV-2-Sdel18 pseudovirus assay has a good correlation with that measured by the wild type SARS-CoV-2 assay. Seven neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein were obtained. This efficient and reliable pseudovirus assay model could facilitate the development of new drugs and vaccines.

· Zhang, et al. evaluated the changes in platelet and coagulation parameters in COVID-19 patients, using platelets from healthy volunteers, non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients, as well as wild-type and hACE2 transgenic mice. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the blood stream was associated with platelet hyperactivity in critically ill patients. Our findings uncovered a novel function of SARS-CoV-2 on platelet activation via binding of Spike to ACE2. SARS-CoV-2-induced platelet activation may participate in thrombus formation and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients.

DIAGNOSTICS

· Michel et al. validated a kit-independent detection method of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, termed COVID-quick-DET. This method operates with simple proteinase K treatment and repetitive heating steps with a sensitivity of 94.6 %.

PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE

· Fisher et al published on vaccine hesitancy towards a potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine finding 57.6% of respondents intended to get vaccinated. Factors associated with vaccine hesitancy included: included younger age, Black race, lower educational attainment, and not having received the influenza vaccine in the prior year. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included vaccine-specific concerns, a need for more information, antivaccine attitudes or beliefs, and a lack of trust.

· Lawson et al. The current study investigated factors associated with child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic, including parental job loss, and whether cognitive reframing moderated associations between job loss and child maltreatment. Parents who lost their jobs, were more depressed, and previously psychologically maltreated their children were more likely to psychologically maltreat during the pandemic. Regarding physical abuse, a significant interaction between job loss and reframing coping emerged. Among parents who lost their jobs, the probability of physical abuse decreased as reframing coping increased.

Regards,

Lisa Waddell, Tricia Corrin, Rukshanda Ahmad, Robyn Odell, Maribeth Mitri, Julie Theriault, Dobrila Todoric, Alejandra Dubois, Christina Bancej, Austyn Baumeister, Anam Khan, Musaab Younis, Lien Mi Tien, Dima Ayache, Angela Sloan, Kaitlin Young, Chatura Prematunge, Ainsley Otten

Focus areas: Modelling/ prediction, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical data, Surveillance, Coronavirology, Diagnostics / Pathogen detection, Therapeutics, Vaccine Research, Public health interventions, Public Health response, Public Health Priorities, IPAC, Health care response, immunology, economics, animal model, zoonoses, Review Literature, Commentary/Editorial, news

Domaines cibles: Modélisation/prédiction, Épidémiologie, Transmission, Données cliniques, Surveillance, Coronavirologie, Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes, Thérapeutique, Recherche sur les vaccins, Interventions de santé publique, Priorités de santé publique, PCI, Réponse des soins de santé, immunologie, économie, modèle animal, zoonoses, Revue de littérature, Commentaire/Éditorial, journaux

PUBLICATIONS	AUTHORS / AUTEURS	SOURCE	FOCI / DOMAINE	SUMMARY / SOMMAIRE
Presenting characteristics, smoking versus diabetes and outcome among patients hospitalized with COVID-19	Abbas,  HM,  Nassir, et al	J Med Virol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study aimed to compare the serious adverse risk of smoking versus diabetes co-morbid and outcomes of patients with COVID-19. We designed a cross-sectional, observational follow-up for 284 COVID-19 patients involved healthy patients, smoker, diabetic, and diabetic plus smoker recruited from May 1, 2020 2020 to June 25, 2020. Of the 284 COVID-19 patients, the median age was 48 years (range 18-80), and 33.80% were female. Common symptoms included fever (85.56%), SOB (49.65%), cough (45.42%), and headache (40.86%). Patients with more than one co-morbidity (diabetes and smoking) presented as severe-critical cases comparing to healthy patients, diabetic, and smoker. Smokers presented in a lower rate of death in comparison to diabetic patients and diabetic + smoking, furthermore, smoking was less risky than diabetes. Although the mortality rate was high in patients with smoker comparing to healthy patients (4.22%, HR 1.358, 95% CI: 1.542-1.100, p= 0.014), it was less than diabetic (7.04%, HR 1.531, 95% CI: 1.668-1.337, p= 0.000), and diabetic plus smoker (10.00%, HR 1.659, 95% CI: 1.763-1.510, p= 0.000).
Unique situation of Gaza Strip dealing with COVID-19 crisis	Abuhabib,  AA,  Abu-Aita, et al	Int J Infect Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	This study follows direct observation approach with in-depth disk review for data collected locally from official sources (Governmental bodies, UN agencies, and INGOs), concrete context analysis is then made and employed towards predicting the potential risk scenarios associated with COVID19 supported by the application of simple risk matrix for each scenario within a limited time frame covering the period from 22 March to 05 July 2020. Three different risk scenarios associated with COVID19 risks studied and analysed towards understanding exceptional circumstances surrounding Gaza along with potential mitigation measures executed and suggested.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a breast cancer surgery program. Observational case-control study in a COVID-free hospital	Acea-Nebril,  B,  García-Novoa, et al	Breast J	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This observational case-control study aimed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a breast cancer surgery program. Abstract and full text not available.
Knowledge, attitudes, practices of/towards COVID 19 preventive measures and symptoms: A cross-sectional study during the exponential rise of the outbreak in Cameroon	Adela,  N,  Nkengazong, et al	PLoS Negl Trop Dis	Clinical data| Données cliniques Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	We sought to understand if: a) demographic variables of Cameroonian residents could influence knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and symptomatology, and b) KAP could influence the risk of having COVID19. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between April 20 to May 20. Of all respondents (1006), 53.1% were female, 26.6% were students, 26.9% interacted face to face and 62.8% were residents in Yaoundé with a median age of 33. The overall high score was 84.19% for knowledge, 69% for attitude, and 60.8% for practice towards COVID 19. Age > 20 years was associated with a high knowledge of COVID 19. Women had lower practice scores compared to men (OR = 0.72; 95%CI 0.56-0.92). 41 respondents had ≥3 symptoms and only 9 (22.95%) of them had called 1510 (emergency number). There was no significant difference between KAP and symptomatology. The presence of ≥ 3 symptoms in 4% of respondents (with 56% of them having co-morbidities) supports the current trend in the number of confirmed cases (8681) in Cameroon.
A prospective, observational, cohort study of airway management of patients with COVID-19 by specialist tracheal intubation teams	Ahmad,  I,  Jeyarajah, et al	Can J Anaesth	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Here, we report our intubation team experience and activity as well as patient outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed data from 150 primary tracheal intubation episodes, with 101 (67.3%) of those occurring in men, and with a mean (standard deviation) age of 55.7 (13.8) yr. Black, Asian, and minority ethnic groups accounted for 55.7% of patients. 91.3% of tracheal intubations were performed with videolaryngoscopy, and the first pass success rate was 88.0%. The 30-day survival was 69.2%, and the median interquartile range] length of critical care stay was 11 6-20] days and of hospital stay was 12 7-22] days. Seven (11.1%) MERIT healthcare professionals self-isolated because of COVID-19 symptoms, with a total 41 days of clinical work lost. There was one reported incident of a breach of personal protective equipment and multiple anecdotal reports of doffing breaches.
A Possible Case of Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a Newborn with Positive Placental In Situ Hybridization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA	Alamar,  I,  Abu-Arja, et al	J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc	Transmission Clinical data| Données cliniques	We report an infant born to a mother with COVID-19, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at 24, 48 hours of life (HOL) and on day of life (DOL). Moreover, placental in situ hybridization (ISH) revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 R
Country-level factors associated with the early spread of COVID-19 cases at 5, 10 and 15 days since the onset	Allel,  K,  Tapia-Muñoz, et al	Glob Public Health	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	The present study objective was to explore the country-level factors, including government actions that explain the variation in the cumulative cases of COVID-19 within the first 15 days since the first case reported. Using publicly available sources, country socioeconomic, demographic and health-related risk factors, together with government measures to contain COVID-19 spread, were analysed as predictors of the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases at three time points (t = 5, 10 and 15) since the first case reported (n = 134 countries). Although wealthier countries have elevated human development and healthcare capacity in respect to their counterparts (low- and middle-income countries) the early implementation of effective and incremental measures taken by the governments are crucial to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the early weeks.
Severe COVID-19 infection is associated with increased antibody-mediated platelet apoptosis	Althaus,  Karina,  Marini, et al	medRxiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We hypothesized that COVID-19 is accompanied by platelet apoptosis with subsequent alteration of the coagulation system. We investigated depolarization of mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) concentration, and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization by flow cytometry. Platelets from intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients (n=21) showed higher ΔΨm depolarization, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and PS externalization, compared to healthy controls (n=18) and COVID-19 non-ICU patients (n=4). Moreover significant higher cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and PS was observed compared to septic ICU control group (ICU control). In ICU control group (n=5; non-COVID-19 ICU) cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and PS externalization was comparable to healthy control, with an increase in ΔΨm depolarization. Sera from ICU COVID-19 patients induced significant increase in apoptosis markers (ΔΨm depolarization, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and PS externalization) compared to healthy volunteer and septic ICU control. Interestingly, immunoglobulin G (IgG) fractions from COVID-19 patients induced an Fc gamma receptor IIA dependent platelet apoptosis (ΔΨm depolarization, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and PS externalization). Enhanced PS externalization in platelets from ICU COVID-19 patients was associated with increased sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (r=0.5635) and D-Dimer (r=0.4473). Most importantly, patients with thrombosis had significantly higher PS externalization compared to those without. The strong correlations between apoptosis markers and increased D-Dimer levels as well as the incidence of thrombosis may indicate that antibody-mediated platelet apoptosis potentially contributes to sustained increased thromboembolic risk in ICU COVID-19 patients.
Can SARS-CoV-2 cause life-threatening bronchiolitis in infants?	André,  MC,  Konrad, et al	Pediatr Pulmonol	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We report of an 11‐month‐old boy presenting with elevated temperature (38°C), tachypnea and expiratory stridor at a local hospital in Bellinzona, Switzerland, at the beginning of the Corona pandemic in Europe (March 10, 2020).
Site-specific characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain	Antonopoulos,  A,  Broome, et al	Glycobiology	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	We utilized an integrated glycomic and glycoproteomic analytical strategy to characterise both N- and O- glycan site specific glycosylation within the receptor binding domain. We demonstrate the presence of complex type N-glycans with unusual fucosylated LacdiNAc at both sites N331 and N343 and a single site of O-glycosylation on T323.
Regression Models for Predictions of COVID-19 New Cases and New Deaths Based on May/June Data in Ethiopia	Argawu,  Alemayehu Siffir	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	This study aimed to predict COVID-19 new cases and new deaths based on May/June data in Ethiopia using regression model. In this study, I used Pearson correlation analysis and the linear regression model to predict COVID-19 new cases and new deaths based on the available data from 12th May to 10th June 2020 in Ethiopia. There was a significant positive correlation between COVID-19 new cases and new deaths with different related variables. The number of days, daily laboratory tests, and new cases from Addis Ababa city significantly predicted new COVID-19 cases, and the number of days and new recoveries significantly predicted new deaths from COVID-19. According to this analysis, if strong preventions and action are not taken in the country, the predicted values of COVID-19 new cases and new deaths will be 590 and 12 after two months (after 9th of August) from now, respectively.
Readmissions among Patients with COVID-19	Atalla,  E,  Kalligeros, et al	Int J Clin Pract	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We reviewed the initial hospitalization and subsequent readmission for 19 patients with confirmed COVID-19 in the largest statewide hospital network in Rhode Island, US, from March 1(st) through April 19(th) , 2020. Of the 339 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 279 discharged alive. Among them, 19/279 were readmitted (6.8%) after a median of 5 days. There was a significantly higher rate of hypertension, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, liver disease, cancer, and substance abuse among the readmitted compared to non-readmitted patients. The most common reasons of readmissions happening within 12 days from discharge included respiratory distress and thrombotic episodes, while those happening at a later time included psychiatric illness exacerbations and falls. The length of stay during readmission was longer than during index admission and more demanding on healthcare resources.
Various Combination of Antiviral Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia; A Preliminary Observational Study	Atipornwanich,  Kriangsak,  Akksilp, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Clinical data| Données cliniques Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	We compared time to recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia patients who were treated with various combinations of lopinavir/ritonavir, darunavir /ritonavir, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, or no antiviral treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir plus high-dose oseltamivir. Lopinavir/ritonavir plus high-dose oseltamivir had the best efficacy in terms of time to recovery compared to no antiviral treatment (P=0.003) and darunavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine and favipiravir (P =0.02). Lopinavir/ritonavir plus favipiravir had the borderline efficacy in terms of time to recovery compared to no antiviral treatment (P=0.05).There was no superior efficacy in terms of time to recovery of the combinations of darunavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine with or without favipiravir compared with no antiviral treatment (P>0.05). Darunavir/ritonavir plus hydroxychloroquine with or without favipiravir had similar efficacy to Lopinavir/ritonavir plus favipiravir (P>0.05). The patients who were treated with hydroxychloroquine 400-1200 mg/day had a significantly increased risk of death (P=0.04).
Anxiety and depression symptoms in the same pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic	Ayaz,  R,  Hocaoğlu, et al	J Perinat Med	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study aimed to compare the level of anxiety and depression in the same pregnant women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 63 pregnant women completed questionnaires. The mean age of the women and the mean gestational age was 30.35±5.27 years and 32.5±7 weeks, respectively. The mean total IDAS II score was found to increase from 184.78±49.67 (min: 109, max: 308) to 202.57±52.90 (min: 104, max: 329) before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. According to the BAI scores the number of patients without anxiety (from 10 to 6) and with mild anxiety (from 31 to 24) decreased and patients with moderate (from 20 to 25) and severe anxiety (from 2 to 8) increased after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that obesity and relationship with her husband are the best predictors of IDAS II scores.
Implications of the Novel Corona Virus SARS-CoV-2 on Vascular Surgery Practices	Aziz,  F,  Bath, et al	J Vasc Surg	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	We sought to understand the effects of COVID-19 on vascular surgery practices as related to the VASCON scale. Total response rate was 28% (206/731). Most respondents (99.5%) reported an effect of COVID-19 on their practice, and most were VASCON3 or lower level. Most reported a decrease in clinic referrals, inpatient/ ER consults, and case volume (p<0.00001). 12% of respondents have been deployed to provide critical care and 11% medical care for COVID patients. Over a quarter (28%) face decreased compensation/salary. The majority of respondents feel vascular education is affected, however, most feel graduates will finish with the necessary experiences. There were significant differences in answers in lower VASCON levels respondents, with this group demonstrating statistically significant decreased operative volume, vascular surgery referrals, and increased hospital and procedure limitations.
PMC7467874; COVID-19 and Stock Market Volatility: An Industry Level Analysis	Baek,  S,  Mohanty, et al	Financ Res Lett	Economics | Économie	COVID-19 has had significant impact on US stock market volatility. This study focuses on understanding the regime change from lower to higher volatility identified with a Markov Switching AR model. Utilizing machine learning feature selection methods, economic indicators are chosen to best explain changes in volatility. Results show that volatility is affected by specific economic indicators and is sensitive to COVID-19 news. Both negative and positive COVID-19 information is significant, though negative news is more impactful, suggesting a negativity bias. Significant increases in total and idiosyncratic risk are observed across all industries, while changes in systematic risk vary across industry.
Quantifying Inaccuracies in Modeling COVID-19 Pandemic within a Continuous Time Picture	Baldea,  Ioan	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Adopting a logistic growth framework, in this paper we present a quantitative analysis of the errors introduced by the continuous time description. This analysis reveals that, although the height of the epidemiological curve maximum is essentially unaffected, the position Tc1/2 obtained within the continuous time representation is systematically shifted backwards in time with respect to the position Td1/2 predicted within the discrete time representation. Rather counterintuitively, the magnitude of this temporal shift τ ≡ Tc1/2 − Td1/2 < 0 is basically insensitive to changes in infection rate κ. For a broad range of κ values deduced from COVID-19 data at extreme situations (exponential growth in time and complete lockdown), we found a rather robust estimate τ ≈ -2.65 day-1. Being obtained without any particular assumption, the present mathematical results apply to logistic growth in general without any limitation to a specific real system.
Developing a COVID-19 mortality risk prediction model when individual-level data are not available	Barda,  N,  Riesel, et al	Nat Commun	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	At the COVID-19 pandemic onset, when individual-level data of COVID-19 patients were not yet available, there was already a need for risk predictors to support prevention and treatment decisions. Here, we report a hybrid strategy to create such a predictor, combining the development of a baseline severe respiratory infection risk predictor and a post-processing method to calibrate the predictions to reported COVID-19 case-fatality rates. With the accumulation of a COVID-19 patient cohort, this predictor is validated to have good discrimination (area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve of 0.943) and calibration (markedly improved compared to that of the baseline predictor). At a 5% risk threshold, 15% of patients are marked as high-risk, achieving a sensitivity of 88%. We thus demonstrate that even at the onset of a pandemic, shrouded in epidemiologic fog of war, it is possible to provide a useful risk predictor, now widely used in a large healthcare organization.
Optimization of High-dimensional Simulation Models Using Synthetic Data	Bartz-Beielstein,  T	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	The study explicitly covers difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It can be shown, that even if only limited real-world data is available, the BuB simulator can be beneficially used to consider worst- and best-case scenarios. The BuB simulator can be extended in many ways, e.g., by adding further resources (personal protection equipment, staff, pharmaceuticals) or by specifying several cohorts (based on age, health status, etc.).
Access to intensive care in 14 European countries: a spatial analysis of intensive care need and capacity in the light of COVID-19	Bauer,  J,  Brüggmann, et al	Intensive Care Med	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This study aims to explore the accessibility of intensive care beds in 14 European countries and its impact on the COVID-19 case fatality ratio (CFR). We found national-level differences in the levels of access to intensive care beds. The AI was highest in Germany (AI = 35.3), followed by Estonia (AI = 33.5) and Austria (AI = 26.4), and lowest in Sweden (AI = 5) and Denmark (AI = 6.4). The average travel distance to the closest hospital was highest in Croatia (25.3 min by car) and lowest in Luxembourg (9.1 min). Subnational results illustrate that capacity was associated with population density and national-level inventories. The correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation of ICU accessibility and COVID-19 CFR (r = - 0.57; p < 0.001). Geographical access to intensive care beds varies significantly across European countries and low ICU accessibility was associated with a higher proportion of COVID-19 deaths to cases (CFR).
The role of school reopening in the spread of COVID-19	Beesley,  Richard	medRxiv	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	An analysis of the numbers of new confirmed COVID-19 cases by country suggests that the reopening of schools is likely to be a driver in the increase of the number of new cases. This is likely exacerbated by accompanying changes and easing of restrictions. However, with the exception of China, notable for its robust test, track, trace, and isolate processes, no other countries that had significant numbers of COVID-19 cases have successfully reopened schools without an increase in cases as a consequence. Whilst reopening of schools following an initial peak and decrease in COVID-19 infections is desirable for a range of reasons, doing so without adequate controls and protections may lead to an exacerbation of spread within the school environment, which could then lead to increased community spread of disease.
Strategic Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Serology Testing in a Low Prevalence Setting: The COVID-19 Contact (CoCo) Study in Healthcare Professionals	Behrens,  GMN,  Cossmann, et al	Infect Dis Ther	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	In a large German university hospital, we performed weekly questionnaire assessments and anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) measurements with various commercial tests, a novel surrogate virus neutralisation test, and a neutralisation assay using live SARS-CoV-2. From baseline to week 6, 1080 screening measurements for anti-SARS CoV-2 (S1) IgG from 217 frontline HCP (65% female) were performed. Overall, 75.6% of HCP reported at least one symptom of respiratory infection. Self-perceived infection probability declined over time (from mean 20.1% at baseline to 12.4% in week 6, p < 0.001). In sera of convalescent patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, we measured high anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, obtained highly concordant results from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using e.g. the spike 1 (S1) protein domain and the nucleocapsid protein (NCP) as targets, and confirmed antiviral neutralisation. However, in HCP the cumulative incidence for anti-SARS-CoV-2 (S1) IgG was 1.86% for positive and 0.93% for equivocal positive results over the study period of 6 weeks. Except for one HCP, none of the eight initial positive results were confirmed by alternative serology tests or showed in vitro neutralisation against live SARS-CoV-2. The only true seroconversion occurred without symptoms and mounted strong functional humoral immunity. Thus, the confirmed cumulative incidence for neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 0.47%.
Parents' and guardians' views and experiences of accessing routine childhood vaccinations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: A mixed methods study in England	Bell,  SadieL,  Clarke, et al	medRxiv	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study aimed to explore parents' and guardians' views and experiences of accessing National Health Service (NHS) general practices for routine childhood vaccinations during the COVID-19 pandemic in England. 1252 parents and guardians (aged 16+ years) who reported living in England with a child aged 18 months or under completed the survey. Nineteen survey respondents took part in follow-up interviews.  The majority of survey respondents (85.7%) considered it important for their children to receive routine vaccinations on schedule during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, several barriers to vaccination were identified. These included a lack of clarity around whether vaccination services were operating as usual, particularly amongst respondents from lower income households and those self-reporting as Black, Asian, Chinese, Mixed or Other ethnicity; difficulties in organising vaccination appointments; and fears around contracting COVID-19 while attending general practice. Concerns about catching COVID-19 while accessing general practice were weighed against concerns about children acquiring a vaccine-preventable disease if they did not receive scheduled routine childhood vaccinations. Many parents and guardians felt their child's risk of acquiring a vaccine-preventable disease was low as the implementation of stringent physical distancing measures (from March 23rd 2020) meant they were not mixing with others.
Stay-at-home orders due to the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with elevated depression and anxiety in younger, but not older adults: Results from a nationwide community sample of adults from Germany	Benke,  C,  Autenrieth, et al	Psychol Med	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Between 17th April and 15th May 2020, an online survey was conducted in a nationwide community sample of adults from Germany (N=4,335; 75.8% women and 24.2% men; M=40.50 years, SD=12.45 years). Consistent with previous findings from the US, participants who did versus did not report to be under a stay-at-home-order were at higher risk to suffer from depression (OR=1.274, 95% CI 1.115-1.457, p<.001) or anxiety (OR=1.256, 95% CI 1.099 – 1.435, p=.001). Specifically, 34.5% of those with and 27.8% of those without stay-at-home orders were affected by at least moderate depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). Moreover, 33.9% of those with and 28.0% % of those without stay-at-home orders were affected by at least moderate anxiety (DSM-5 Level 2 cross-cutting symptom measure for anxiety ≥ 20). Importantly, this risk-association varied by age (depression: OR=0.985, 95% CI 0.974 - 0.996, p =.009; anxiety: OR=0.987, 95% CI 0.976 - 0.998, p = .019): Only in younger individuals (aged 18-34 years; depression: OR=1.531, 95% CI 1.241-1.889, p<.001; anxiety: OR=1.495, 95% CI 1.205-1.854, p<.001), but not in middle-aged and older individuals (aged 35-49, 50-64 and 65+; all p-values >.05), stay-at-home orders were associated with depression and anxiety.
Prevalence and predictors of early COVID-19 behavioral intentions in the United States	Berg,  MB,  Lin, et al	Transl Behav Med	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The current study examined participants' reported likelihood of engaging in eight behaviors designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as critical for the prevention of COVID-19 at the outset of the epidemic. A brief survey was sent out at the end of March 2020 to 350 U.S. residents in order to assess the likelihood of their engaging in various prevention behaviors recommended at that time and several related psychosocial factors. Overall, participants reported high engagement with the prevention behaviors. Higher levels of self-efficacy, perceived severity of the illness, and external locus of control in regard to medical professionals were all positively associated with plans to take the recommended precautions. Based on the results, it appears that messaging regarding COVID-19 prevention may be particularly effective when it focuses on the high risk of the illness, the ease with which the prevention behaviors can be taken, and a reassurance that the medical establishment has individuals' best health in mind when it makes its specific recommendations.
Frequency and accuracy of proactive testing for COVID-19	Bergstrom,  Ted,  Bergstrom, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Proactive testing of asymptomatic individuals is therefore a powerful, and probably necessary, tool for preventing widespread infection in many settings. This paper explores the effectiveness of alternative testing regimes, in which the frequency, the accuracy, and the delay between testing and results determine the time path of infection. For a simple model of disease transmission, we present analytic formulas that determine the effect of testing on the expected number of days of during which an infectious individual is exposed to the population at large. This allows us to estimate the frequency of testing that would be required to prevent uncontrolled outbreaks, and to explore the trade-offs between frequency, accuracy, and delay in achieving this objective. We conclude by discussing applications to outbreak control on college and university campuses.
Transmission of allosteric response within the homotrimer of SARS-CoV-2 spike upon recognition of ACE2 receptor by the receptor-binding domain	Bhattacharjee,  Sayan,  Bhattacharyya, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Here, we report our study on allosteric communication within RBD that propagates the signal from ACE2-binding site towards allosteric site for the post-binding activation of proteolytic cleavage. Using MD simulations, we have demonstrated allosteric crosstalk within RBD in apo- and receptor-bound states where dynamic correlated motions and electrostatic energy perturbations contribute. While allostery, based on correlated motions, dominates inherent distal communication in apo-RBD, electrostatic energy perturbations determine favorable crosstalk within RBD upon binding to ACE2. Notably, allosteric path is constituted with evolutionarily conserved residues pointing towards their biological relevance. As revealed from recent structures, in the trimeric arrangement of spike, RBD of one copy interacts with S2 domain of another copy. Interestingly, the allosteric site identified is in direct contact (H-bonded) with a region in RBD that corresponds to the interacting region of RBD of one copy with S2 of another copy in trimeric constitution. Apparently, inter-monomer allosteric communication orchestrates concerted action of the trimer. Based on our results, we propose the allosteric loop of RBD as a potential drug target.
SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral loads and association with clinical and biological features	Biguenet,  A,  Bouiller, et al	J Med Virol	Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study aimed to determine the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral loads (VL) during the acute phase of infection and their correlation with clinical presentation and inflammation-related biomarkers. Nasopharyngeal swabs from 453 adult SARS-CoV-2-infected patients from the Department of Infectious Diseases, Besançon, France, were collected at the time of admission or consultation for RT-PCR analysis. Mean respiratory VL homogeneously decreased from 7.2 log(10) copies/ml (95% CI: 6.6 to 7.8) on the first day of symptoms until 4.6 log(10) copies/ml (95% CI: 3.8 to 5.4) at day 10 (slope=-0.24; R²=0.95). VL were poorly correlated with COVID-19 symptoms and outcome, excepted for dyspnea and anosmia, which were significantly associated with lower VL (p<0.05). CRP, fibrinogen, and LDH concentrations significantly increased over the first 10 days (median CRP concentrations from 36.8 mg/L at days 0-1 to 99.5 mg/L at days 8-10, p<0.01), whereas prealbumin concentrations tended to decrease.
Efficacy assessment of newly-designed and locally-produced filtering facemasks during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic	Boogaard,  Bob,  Nijssen, et al	medRxiv	Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI)	three new facemasks to the market are evaluated in this study for how they compare to FFP2 masks.
Transport of a nonintubated prone patient with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19	Boomhower,  J,  Noland, et al	Prehosp Emerg Care	Clinical data| Données cliniques	With the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare systems have been facing an unprecedented, large-scale respiratory disaster. Prone positioning improves mortality in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure, including COVID-19. While this is effective for intubated patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, it has also been shown to be beneficial for non-intubated patients. Critical care transport (CCT) has become an essential component of combating COVID-19, frequently transporting patients to receive advanced respiratory therapies and distribute patients in concert with available resources. With increasing awake proning, CCT teams may encounter patients supported in the prone position. Historically, transporting in the prone position has not been embraced due to substantial risks of desaturation during transport. In this case report, we describe the first known report of transporting a non-intubated, critically ill COVID-19 patient in the prone position.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical activities related to arrhythmias and electrophysiology in Italy: results of a survey promoted by AIAC (Italian Association of Arrhythmology and Cardiac Pacing)	Boriani,  G,  Palmisano, et al	Intern Emerg Med	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	A total of 104 physicians from 84 Italian arrhythmia centres took part in the survey. The vast majority of participating centres (95.2%) reported a significant reduction in the number of elective pacemaker implantations during the outbreak period compared to the corresponding two months of year 2019 (50.0% of centres reported a reduction of > 50%). Similarly, 92.9% of participating centres reported a significant reduction in the number of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantations for primary prevention, and 72.6% a significant reduction of ICD implantations for secondary prevention (> 50% in 65.5 and 44.0% of the centres, respectively). The majority of participating centres (77.4%) reported a significant reduction in the number of elective ablations (> 50% in 65.5% of the centres)
Takotsubo syndrome as a complication in a critically ill COVID-19 patient	Bottiroli,  M,  De Caria, et al	ESC Heart Fail	Clinical data| Données cliniques	The relevance of this case is that TTS can occur in the late phase of COVID-19.  We present the case of a 76-year-old woman with COVID-19 pneumonia that developed a takotsubo syndrome (TTS). Although the patient presented normal left ventricular ejection fraction and normal levels of troponin on admission, after 16 days in intensive care unit due to respiratory distress, she suddenly developed cardiogenic shock. Shock occurred few hours after a spontaneous breathing trial through her tracheostomy. Bed-side echocardiographic revealed apical ballooning promptly supporting the diagnosis of TTS. She was successfully treated with deep sedation and low dosage of epinephrine.
Multimerization- and glycosylation-dependent receptor binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins	Bouwman,  KimM,  Tomris, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Here we created monomeric and trimeric fluorescent RBD proteins, derived from adherent HEK293T, as well as in GnTI mutant cells, to analyze the effect of complex vs high mannose glycosylation on receptor binding. The results demonstrate that trimeric fully glycosylated proteins are superior in receptor binding compared to monomeric and immaturely glycosylated variants. Although differences in binding to commonly used cell lines were minimal between the different RBD preparations, substantial differences were observed when respiratory tissues of experimental animals were stained. The RBD trimers demonstrated distinct ACE2 expression profiles in bronchiolar ducts and confirmed the higher binding affinity of SARS-CoV-2 over SARS-CoV-1. Our results show that fully glycosylated trimeric RBD proteins are attractive to analyze receptor binding and explore ACE2 expression profiles in tissues.
SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and limited inflammatory cytokines are present in the stool of select patients with acute COVID-19	Britton,  GrahamJ,  Chen-Liaw, et al	medRxiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	We measured cytokines, inflammatory markers, viral RNA, microbiome composition and antibody responses in stool and serum samples from a prospectively enrolled cohort of 44 hospitalized COVID-19 patients.  SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in stool of 41% of patients and was found more frequently in patients with diarrhea than those without (1644%] vs 519%], p=0.06). Patients who survived had lower median viral genome copies than those who did not (p=0.021). Compared to uninfected controls, COVID-19 patients had higher median fecal levels of IL-8 (166.5 vs 286.5 pg/mg; p=0.05) and lower levels of fecal IL-10 (678 vs 194 pg/mg; p<0.001) compared to uninfected controls. Stool IL-23 was higher in patients with more severe COVID-19 disease (223.8 vs 86.6 pg/mg; p=0.03) and we find evidence of intestinal virus-specific IgA responses, which was associated with more severe disease. Fecal cytokines and calprotectin levels were not correlated with gastrointestinal symptoms or with the level of virus detected.
Older people's early experience of household isolation and social distancing during COVID-19	Brooke,  J,  Clark, et al	J Clin Nurs	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	An inductive phenomenological study, Qualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 19 participants and repeated at two week intervals for 10 weeks, further data collection is still in progress. This paper presents the findings from the baseline interviews, Three themes emerged from older people's early experiences of social distancing: protective measures; current and future plans; and acceptance of a good life, but still a life to live.
Clinical Course and Risk Factors for severe Disease and Death of Adult Critically Ill Inpatients with COVID-19 in Toulouse, France: A Retrospective Cohort Study	Buffières,  W,  Sarton, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Retrospective cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients sequentially admitted to 12 ICUs in Toulouse region (March 9, 2020, to April 8, 2020). All patients had laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and required invasive mechanical ventilation.  The most common comorbidities were hypertension (77, 51%) and obesity (42, 28%). At ICU admission, the median PaO2/FiO2 ratio was 138 (IQR,112-178). During hospitalization, the rate of ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) was 61% and 51 (34%) patients had acute kidney injury (AKI) with a Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) score > 1. The 28-day mortality was 15.3%, and 50 (33%) patients had unfavorable outcome. We found that VAP (5.91; 2.10-10.03; p value = 0.002) and AKI with a KDIGO score > 1 (4.71; 1.69-14.41; p value = 0.004) were associated with increased odds of unfavorable outcome. Neither, chest CT scan data on admission, nor pathophysiological respiratory data during ICU stay were associated to patient’s outcome
Implications of COVID-19 on The of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Ethiopia	Bulto,  TW,  C	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	This paper is aimed at identifying the implication of COVID-19 on the concentration of PM2.5 from March 14, 2020 to July 31, 2020 in Ethiopia.  The results show that, the concentration of PM2.5 during COVID-19 was higher than before COVID-19. As air pollution increased the number of deaths was increased during coronavirus pandemic. There were 16,615 confirmed cases and 263 number of deaths from March 14, 2020 to July 31, 2020 in Ethiopia.
Airborne infection R-numbers for regularly attended spaces: COVID-19 a case-study	Burridge,  HC,  N	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Transmission	a method to determine the relative risk that can be readily deployed on either modelled or monitored CO2 data and occupancy levels within an indoor space. Moreover, for spaces regularly, or consistently, occupied by the same group of people, e.g. an open-plan office or a school classroom, we establish protocols to assess the absolute risk of airborne infection of this regular attendance at work or school. In so doing, we are able to calculate the expected number of infections arising from a single regular attendee becoming infectious and remaining pre/asymptomatic, i.e. we present a robust methodology to calculate the absolute reproductive number of these spaces.
Social capital and psychological distress during Colombian coronavirus disease lockdown	Caballero-Dominguez,  Carmen,  De Luque-Salcedo, et al	medRxiv	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Colombia: A group of 700 adults participated in the survey; they were aged between 18 and 76 years (M = 37, SD = 13). Low SC was associated with depression risk (OR = 2.00, 95%CI 1.34-2.97), elevated suicide risk (OR = 2.62, 95%CI 1.40-4.91) high perceived stress related to coronavirus disease (OR = 2.08, 95%CI 1.15-3.76), and insomnia risk (OR = 2.42, 95%CI 1.69-3.47). Conclusions. Low CS was associated with indicators of psychological distress represented in depression risk, elevated suicide risk, high perceived stress related to coronavirus disease and insomnia risk.
Kynurenic acid underlies sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19	Cai,  Yuping,  Kim, et al	medRxiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	Case control study looking at  clinical outcomes in males compared to females, and immune responses underlie these sex-related differences in disease trajectory.  In males with COVID- 19, kynurenic acid (KA) and a high KA to kynurenine (K) ratio was positively correlated with age, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines and was negatively correlated with T cell responses, revealing that KA production is linked to immune responses in males.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Telehealth Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Secondary Analysis of a U.S. Survey of Internet Users from Late March	Campos-Castillo,  C,  Anthony, et al	J Am Med Inform Assoc	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The Pew Research Center fielded the survey March 19-24, 2020. Telehealth use because of the pandemic was measured by asking whether respondents (N = 10,624) “used the internet or email to connect with doctors or other medical professionals as a result of the coronavirus outbreak.” We conducted survey-weighted logistic regressions, adjusting for respondents’ socioeconomic characteristics and perceived threat of the pandemic to their own health (no threat, minor, major). Approximately 17% of respondents reported using telehealth because of the pandemic, with significantly higher unadjusted odds among Blacks, Latinos, and those identified with other race compared to White respondents. The multivariable logistic regressions and sensitivity analyses show Black respondents were more likely than Whites to report using telehealth because of the pandemic, particularly when perceiving the pandemic as a minor threat to their own health.
Adaptive preferential sampling in phylodynamics	Cappello,  L,  P	ArXiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	The basic assumption is that coalescent events occur at a rate inversely proportional to the effective population size Ne(t), a time-varying measure of genetic diversity. When the sampling process (collection of samples over time) depends on Ne(t), the coalescent and the sampling processes can be jointly modeled to improve estimation of Ne(t). Failing to do so can lead to bias due to model misspecification. However, the way that the sampling process depends on the effective population size may vary over time. We introduce an approach where the sampling process is modeled as an inhomogeneous Poisson process with rate equal to the product of Ne(t) and a time-varying coefficient, making minimal assumptions on their functional shapes via Markov random field priors. We provide scalable algorithms for inference, show the model performance vis-a-vis alternative methods in a simulation study, and apply our model to SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Los Angeles and Santa Clara counties.
Beyond Shielding: The Roles of Glycans in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein	Casalino,  Lorenzo,  Gaieb, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	We reveal an essential structural role of N-glycans at sites N165 and N234 in modulating the conformational dynamics of the spike’s receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for ACE2 recognition. This finding is corroborated by biolayer interferometry experiments, which show that deletion of these glycans through N165A and N234A mutations significantly reduces binding to ACE2 as a result of the RBD conformational shift towards the “down” state. Additionally, end-to-end accessibility analyses outline a complete overview of the vulnerabilities of the glycan shield of SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which may be exploited by therapeutic efforts targeting this molecular machine.
Telemedicine in rheumatology: a reliable approach beyond the pandemic	Cavagna,  L,  Zanframundo, et al	Rheumatology (Oxford)	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	We conducted a telephonic survey among consecutive patients referred to our CTD outpatients' clinic, evaluating their capability and propensity for adopting telemedicine and whether they would prefer it over face-to-face evaluation.  : A total of 175 patients answered our survey (M/F = 28/147), with a median age of 62.5 years interquartile range (IQR) 53-73]. About 80% of patients owned a device allowing video-calls, and 86% would be able to perform a tele-visit, either alone (50%) or with the help of a relative (36%). Telemedicine was considered acceptable by 78% of patients and 61% would prefer it. Distance from the hospital and patient's educational level were the strongest predictive factors for the acceptance of telemedicine (P < 0.05), whereas age only affected the mastering of required skills (P < 0.001).
Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: report of three cases	Chaabane,  I,  Loukil, et al	Arch Dermatol Res	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) shows rapid spread around the world. Its classic presentation is a respiratory illness. However, cutaneous manifestations have rarely been described as the first clinical manifestation in patients with this infection. The aim of this article is to describe cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID-19 through three case reports.
Coronavirus disease 2019 attack rate in HIV-infected patients and in preexposure prophylaxis users	Charre,  C,  Icard, et al	Aids	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Retrospective analysis of a laboratory database. Report COVID-19 attack rate in HIV-infected patients and in PrEP users in the Rhône department, France, and compared it with the general population.  From March to April 2020, 24 860 samples from 19 113 patients (HIV-infected 77, PrEP users 27, others 19 009) were assessed for SARS-CoV-2 PCR assay. The positivity rate appeared similar in HIV-infected patients (15.6%), in PrEP users (14.8%) and in other patients (19.1%). The crude/corrected COVID-19 attack rate appeared similar in HIV-infected patients (0.31/0.38%) and in PrEP users (0.38/0.42%), and of the same order as the estimated attack rate in the general population (0.24%).
An Index for Lifting Social Distancing on COVID-19 Pandemic: Algorithm Recommendation for Lifting Social Distancing	Chen,  SL,  Yen, et al	J Med Internet Res	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	A simple Implementing and lifting social distancing (LSD) index was developed for health decision-makers to do real-time assessment of COVID-19 at global, country, region, and community level.  Data on the retrospective cohort of 186 countries with three quantities were retrieved from publicity available repository from January to early July. A simple index for guiding LSD measured by cumulative number of COVID-19 cases and recovery and case-fatality rate was envisaged. This simple LSD index provides a quantitative assessment of whether and when to ease or implement social distancing in order to provide the encompass for health decision-maker and traveler.
COVID-19 Death Rates Are Higher in Rural Counties With Larger Shares of Blacks and Hispanics	Cheng,  KJG,  Sun, et al	J Rural Health	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	This study compared the average daily increase in COVID-19 mortality rates by county racial/ethnic composition (percent non-Hispanic Black and percent Hispanic) among US rural counties. COVID-19 daily death counts for 1,976 US nonmetropolitan counties for the period March 2-July 26, 2020, were extracted from USAFacts and merged with county-level American Community Survey and Area Health Resource File data.Since early March, the average daily increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate has been significantly higher in rural counties with the highest percent Black and percent Hispanic populations. Compared to counties in the bottom quartile, counties in the top quartile of percent Black have an average daily increase that is 70% higher (IRR = 1.70, CI: 1.48-1.95, P < .001), and counties in the top quartile of percent Hispanic have an average daily increase that is 50% higher (IRR = 1.50, CI: 1.33-1.69, P < .001), net of covariates.
Perinatal Distress During COVID-19: Thematic Analysis of an Online Parenting Forum	Chivers,  BR,  Garad, et al	J Med Internet Res	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The aim of this study is to examine the public discourse of a perinatal cohort to understand unmet health information and support needs, and the impacts on mothering identity and social dynamics in the context of COVID-19. A leading Australian online support forum for women pre- through to postbirth was used to interrogate all posts related to COVID-19 from January 27 to May 12, 2020, inclusive. Key search terms included "COVID," "corona," and "pandemic." A three-phase analysis was conducted, including thematic analysis, sentiment analysis, and word frequency calculations. The search yielded 960 posts, of which 831 were included in our analysis. The qualitative thematic analysis demonstrated reasonable understanding, interpretation, and application of relevant restrictions in place, with five emerging themes identified. These were (1) heightened distress related to a high-risk external environment; (2) despair and anticipatory grief due to deprivation of social and family support, and bonding rituals; (3) altered family and support relationships; (4) guilt-tampered happiness; and (5) family future postponed. Sentiment analysis revealed that the content was predominantly negative (very negative: n=537 and moderately negative: n=443 compared to very positive: n=236 and moderately positive: n=340). Negative words were frequently used in the 831 posts with associated derivatives including "worried" (n=165, 19.9%), "risk" (n=143, 17.2%), "anxiety" (n=98, 11.8%), "concerns" (n=74, 8.8%), and "stress" (n=69, 8.3%).
Prospect of Using RaTG13 Sarbecovirus As a Candidate Vaccine for COVID-19	Chougle,  Afreen,  Chougle, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Vaccine Research| Recherche sur les vaccins	In this study, we attempt to justify the prospect of designing a vaccine for COVID-19 based on the genetic similarity between the SARS‐CoV‐2 and RaTG13 virus.   In this study, the protein sequences for a set of predicted epitope sites on spike, nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins of SARS-CoV-2 strains were compared for the same sequence on the RaTG13 virus. The results indicated a high degree of similarity for the epitope sites ranging between 95-100% for both T and B cell epitopes. Using the zoonotic strain RaTG13 virus as a vaccine could prove to have an added advantage such that the furin cleavage site present on the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 is absent in RaTG13 virus. This furin cleavage site is essential for the entry of the virus onto the host cell and hence vital for causing infection. Thus, its absence could add to the safety of the vaccine.
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in an adult with SARS-CoV-2 infection	Chowdhary,  A,  Joy, et al	Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging	Clinical data| Données cliniques	MIC in an adult: case report, 26-year-old male pharmacist presented with a 5-day history of dry cough, myalgia, diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain following exposure to COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were negative but SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM was positive. A diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 was made. This condition has been described in children, but not yet in adults.
Swab pooling for large-scale RT-qPCR screening of SARS-CoV-2	Christoff,  Ana Paula,  Cruz, et al	medRxiv	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	Here, we describe a pooling procedure in which nasopharyngeal swabs are pooled together at the time of sample collection (swab pooling), decreasing laboratory manipulation and minimizing dilution of the viral RNA present in the samples. Paired analysis of pooled and individual samples from 613 patients revealed 94 positive individual tests. A Bayesian model estimated a sensitivity of 99% (Cr.I. 96.9% to 100%) and a specificity of 99.8% (Cr.I. 99.4% to 100%) for the swab pooling procedure.
Know your epidemic, know your response: Early perceptions of COVID-19 and self-reported social distancing in the United States	Ciancio,  A,  Kämpfen, et al	PLoS One	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	In this paper, we study individual's perceptions on COVID-19 and social distancing during the week of March 10-16, 2020, a week when COVID-19 was officially declared to be a pandemic by WHO and when new infections in the US were more than doubling every three days. Using a nationally representative sample of 5,414 respondents 18+ years of age . we find that perceptions about COVID-19 health risks and economic consequences in the US population were largely pessimistic and highly variable by age and education. US residents who are young and do not have a college degree perceived a lower risk of getting infected but a higher probability of running out of money than others. Most individuals reported taking some steps to distance themselves from others but important differences emerge by gender and by source of information on COVID-19. Using state and day fixed-effect regressions, we show that perceptions of the health risks closely followed the number of COVID-19 cases in the country, and perceptions of the economic consequences and the prevalence of social distancing were driven upwards by both national and state-level cases.
Measuring the Environmental and Social Risk of Exposure to Future Epidemics	Coccia,  Mario	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Transmission	The main goal of this study is to propose the index c (as contagions) that measures, ex-ante, the environmental risk of exposure of cities and/or regions to future epidemics of COVID-19 and similar vital agents.
Clinical characteristics, comorbidities and outcomes among persons with HIV hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia	Collins,  LF,  Moran, et al	Aids	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	BACKGROUND: There are limited data describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes among US persons with HIV (PWH) requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: We performed a case series of all PWH sequentially admitted with COVID-19 from 8 March 2020 to 23 April 2020 at three hospitals in Atlanta, Georgia. Sociodemographic, clinical and HIV-associated characteristics were collected. RESULTS: Of 530 confirmed COVID-19 cases hospitalized during this period, 20 occurred among PWH (3.8%). The median age was 57 (Q1-Q3, 48-62) years, 65% were men, and 85% were non-Hispanic Black. Presenting median symptom duration was 5 (Q1-Q3, 3-7) days; cough (90%), fever (65%), malaise (60%) and dyspnea (60%) were most common. On admission, 40% of patients required oxygenation support and 65% had an abnormal chest radiograph. Median length of hospitalization was 5 (Q1-Q3, 4-12) days, 30% required intensive care, 15% required intubation, and 15% died. Median CD4 cell count prior to admission was 425 (Q1-Q3, 262-815) cells/μl and 90% of patients had HIV-1 RNA less than 200 copies/ml. Half of the patients had at least five comorbidities; hypertension (70%), dyslipidemia (60%) and diabetes (45%) were most prevalent. All three patients who died had CD4 cell count more than 200, HIV suppression and each had a total of five comorbidities. CONCLUSION: The multisite series in the Southern United States provides characteristics and early outcomes of hospitalized PWH with COVID-19. Nearly all patients had controlled HIV and a high comorbidity burden. Additional study of COVID-19 among PWH is needed to determine the role of age, comorbidities and HIV control in mediating COVID-19 presentation and its sequelae.
Bacterial and viral co-infections in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia admitted to a French ICU	Contou,  D,  Claudinon, et al	Ann Intensive Care	Clinical data| Données cliniques	We aimed to assess the rate of bacterial and viral co-infections, as well as to report the most common micro-organisms involved in patients admitted to the ICU for severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this monocenter retrospective study, we reviewed all the respiratory microbiological investigations performed within the first 48 h of ICU admission of COVID-19 patients (RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2) admitted for acute respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS: We report on a 28% rate of bacterial co-infection at ICU admission of patients with severe SARSCoV-2 pneumonia, mostly related to Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterobacteriaceae. In French patients with confirmed severe SARSCoV-2 pneumonia requiring ICU admission, our results encourage the systematic administration of an empiric antibiotic monotherapy with a 3rd generation cephalosporin, with a prompt de-escalation as soon as possible.
Integrative Imaging Reveals SARS-CoV-2 Induced Reshaping of Subcellular Morphologies	Cortese,  Mirko,  Lee, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Here we employed an integrative light and electron microscopy based imaging analysis to determine morphological organelle alterations induced in SARS-CoV-2 infected human lung epithelial cells. We report 3D reconstructions of whole-cells and subcellular compartments, revealing extensive fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus, alteration of the mitochondrial network and recruitment of peroxisomes to viral replication organelles formed by clusters of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). These are tethered to the endoplasmic reticulum, providing insights into DMV biogenesis and spatial coordination of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Live cell imaging combined with an infection sensor reveals profound remodelling of cytoskeleton elements; pharmacological inhibition of their dynamics strongly suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication. Taken together, we provide critical insights into virus-induced cytopathic effects, while alongside presenting a comprehensive and publicly available repository of 3D data-sets of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells.
Decision Trees: Predictions of Global Vulnerability to Coronavirus Outbreaks	da Silva,  Moacir José	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Economics | Économie	Methods: The results of Machine Learning, a resource in the field of artificial intelligence, were applied to two data sets obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the Worldometer website. The modeling of indicators related to economic activities, public health and population activities had as a basic assumption the fact that they express different forms and intensities of human interactions that remain as explanatory factors of the pandemic, since they interfere in the country's vulnerability to outbreaks of coronavirus . As a natural corollary of this basic assumption of research, we estimate a Vc number to measure the level of vulnerability of countries to COVID19. Findings: Applying the results of Decision Trees (C 4.5), we found six variables of greater relevance to form a typical profile capable of explaining the level of vulnerability of countries to coronavirus. he epidemic , as well as the geolocation of its epicenter, can be understood from the level of gross national income per capita, Industry as % of product domestic gross (GDP), International tourism (number of arrivals as a% of the total pop). Urban population (% of total pop.), Level of Diabetes prevalence (% of total pop on ages 20 to 79) and, Prevalence of HIV (% of total population ages 15-49). In summary, according to this study, the most advantageous measures to control the pandemic for society must consider the vulnerability of countries or regions based on their degree of development of the economy, industry, and tourism, as well as the presence of Diabetes and HIV.
Long-term survival of salmon-attached SARS-CoV-2 at 4°C as a potential source of transmission in seafood markets	Dai,  Manman,  Li, et al	bioRxiv	Transmission zoonoses	Several outbreaks of COVID-19 were associated with seafood markets, raising concerns that fish-attached SARS-CoV-2 may exhibit prolonged survival in low-temperature environments. Here we showed that salmon-attached SARS-CoV-2 at 4°C could remain infectious for more than one week, suggesting that fish-attached SARS-CoV-2 may be a source of transmission.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
Is climate a curse or a bless in the Covid-19 virus fighting?	Damette,  Olivier,  Mathonnat, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	In the vein of a recent empirical literature, we reassess the impact of weather factors on Covid-19 daily cases in a panel of advanced and emerging countries between January the first and 28th May 2020. We consider 5 different meteorological factors and go further previous studies.  For the first time, we use a dynamic panel model and consider two different kinds of channels between climate and Covid-19 virus: 1) direct/physical factors related to the survivals and durability dynamics of the virus in surfaces and outdoors and 2) an indirect factor through human behaviors and individual mobility - walking or driving outdoors - to capture the impact of climate on social distancing and thus on Covid-19 outcomes. Our work reveal that temperatures and, more interestingly, solar radiation - that has been clearly undervalued in previous studies - are significant climatic drivers on Covid-19 outbreak. Indirect effects through human behaviors ie interrelationships between climatic variables and people mobility are significantly positive and should be considered to correctly assess the effects of climatic factors.
Tolerability of Favipiravir therapy in critically-ill patients with COVID-19: a report of 4 cases	Dauby,  N,  Van Praet, et al	J Med Virol	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Here is reported the tolerability of FVP therapy in four critically-ill patients.
Lung Ultrasound Score: A Potential Prediction Tool In Covid-19	de Alencar,  JCG,  Marchini, et al	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We hypothesized that Lung Ultrasound Score (LUSS) at hospital admission would be able to predict the outcomes of patients with COVID-19. 2. Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted from 14 March through 6 May 2020 in the Emergency Department (ED) of an urban, academic, level I trauma center. This 2,200-bed hospital has been designated exclusive for COVID-19 patients for the duration of the pandemic. Patients aged 18 years and older and admitted to the ED with confirmed COVID-19 were considered eligible. Emergency physicians performed lung ultrasounds and calculated LUSS, which was tested for correlation with outcomes. 3. Results: Primary endpoint was death from any cause. Secondary endpoints were ICU admission and endotracheal intubation for respiratory failure. Among 180 patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were enrolled (mean age, 60 years; 105 male), the average LUSS was 18.7 ± 6.8. LUSS correlated with findings on chest CT and was able to predict the estimated extent of parenchymal involvement (mean LUSS with 50% involvement, p<0.001), death (AUC 0.71, OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.07 to 1.21; p < 0.001), endotracheal intubation (AUC 0.75, OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.09 to 1.26; p < 0.001), and ICU admission (AUC: 0.71, OR 1.14, 95%CI 1.07 to 1.21; p < 0.001).
COVID-19 hospitalizations in Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS)	de Andrade,  Carla Lourenço Tavares,  Pereira, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Objective: To study the profile of hospitalizations due to COVID-19 in the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil and to identify factors associated with hospital mortality related to the disease. Methods: Cross-sectional study, based on secondary data on COVID-19 hospitalizations that occurred in SUS, between the last days of February and June. Patients aged 18 years or older, with primary or secondary diagnoses indicative of COVID-19 were included.  Results: 89,405 hospitalizations were observed, of which 24.4% resulted in death. COVID-19 patients hospitalized in SUS were predominantly male (56.5%), with a mean age of 58.9 years. The length of stay ranged from less than 24 hours to 114 days, with a mean of 6.9 (STD=6.5) days. Of the total number of hospitalizations, 22.6% reported ICU use. The chances of hospital death among men were 16.8% higher than among women and increased with age. Black individuals had a higher chance of death.
Improved binding of SARS-CoV-2 Envelope protein to tight junction-associated PALS1 could play a key role in COVID-19 pathogenesis	De Maio,  F,  Lo Cascio, et al	Microbes Infect	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	We compared the genomic sequences of E protein of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and the closely related genomes of bats and pangolins obtained from the GISAID and GenBank databases. When compared to the known SARS E protein, we observed a significant difference in amino acid sequence in the C-terminal end of SARS-CoV-2 E protein. Subsequently, in silico modelling analyses of E proteins conformation and docking provide evidences of a strengthened binding of SARS-CoV-2 E protein with the tight junction-associated PALS1 protein. Based on our computational evidences and on data related to SARS-CoV, we believe that SARS-CoV-2 E protein interferes more stably with PALS1 leading to an enhanced epithelial barrier disruption, amplifying the inflammatory processes, and promoting tissue remodelling.
Using discrete Ricci curvatures to infer COVID-19 epidemic network fragility and systemic risk	de Souza,  Danillo Barros,  da Cunha, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Here, we propose a data-driven, parameter-free, geometric approach to access the emergence of a pandemic state by studying the Forman-Ricci and Ollivier-Ricci network curvatures. Discrete Ollivier-Ricci curvature has been used successfully to forecast risk in financial networks and we suggest that those results can provide analogous results for COVID-19 epidemic time-series. We first compute both curvatures in a toy-model of epidemic time-series with delays, which allows us to create epidemic networks. By doing so, we are able to verify that the Ollivier-Ricci and Forman-Ricci curvatures can be a parameter-free estimate for identifying a pandemic state in the simulated epidemic. On this basis, we then compute both Forman-Ricci and Ollivier-Ricci curvatures for real epidemic networks built from COVID-19 epidemic time-series available at the World Health Organization (WHO). Both curvatures allow us to detect early warning signs of the emergence of the pandemic. The advantage of our method lies in providing an early geometrical data marker for the pandemic state, regardless of parameter estimation and stochastic modelling. This work opens the possibility of using discrete geometry to study epidemic networks.
IVACS: Intelligent Voice Assistant for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Self-Assessment	Dhakal,  P,  D	ArXiv	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	At the time of writing this paper, the world has around eleven million cases of COVID-19, scientifically known as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-COV-2). One of the popular critical steps various health organizations are advocating to prevent the spread of this contagious disease is self-assessment of symptoms. Multiple organizations have already pioneered mobile and web-based applications for self-assessment of COVID-19 to reduce this global pandemic's spread. We propose an intelligent voice-based assistant for COVID-19 self-assessment (IVACS). This interactive assistant has been built to diagnose the symptoms related to COVID-19 using the guidelines provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The empirical testing of the application has been performed with 22 human subjects, all volunteers, using the NASA Task Load Index (TLX), and subjects performance accuracy has been measured. The results indicate that the IVACS is beneficial to users. However, it still needs additional research and development to promote its widespread application.
Increasing ventilator surge capacity in COVID 19 pandemic: design, manufacture and in vitro-in vivo testing in anaesthetized healthy pigs of a rapid prototyped mechanical ventilator	Dhanani,  J,  Pang, et al	BMC Res Notes	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé Animal model | Modèle animal	OBJECTIVE: The advent of new technologies has made it possible to explore alternative ventilator manufacturing to meet the worldwide shortfall for mechanical ventilators especially in pandemics. We describe a method using rapid prototyping technologies to create an electro-mechanical ventilator in a cost effective, timely manner and provide results of testing using an in vitro-in vivo testing model. RESULTS: Rapid prototyping technologies (3D printing and 2D cutting) were used to create a modular ventilator. The artificial manual breathing unit (AMBU) bag connected to wall oxygen source using a flow meter was used as air reservoir. Controlled variables include respiratory rate, tidal volume and inspiratory: expiratory (I:E) ratio. In vitro testing and In vivo testing in the pig model demonstrated comparable mechanical efficiency of the test ventilator to that of standard ventilator but showed the material limits of 3D printed gears. Improved gear design resulted in better ventilator durability whilst reducing manufacturing time (< 2-h). The entire cost of manufacture of ventilator was estimated at 300 Australian dollars. A cost-effective novel rapid prototyped ventilator for use in patients with respiratory failure was developed in < 2-h and was effective in anesthetized, healthy pig model.
Changes in outdoor air pollution due to COVID-19 lockdowns differ by pollutant: evidence from Scotland	Dobson,  R,  Semple, et al	Occup Environ Med	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in March/April 2020 on concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and ambient fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) air pollution measured at roadside monitors across Scotland by comparing data with previous years. METHODS: Publicly available data of PM(2.5) concentrations from reference monitoring systems at sites across Scotland were extracted for the 31-day period immediately following the imposition of lockdown rules on 23 March 2020. Similar data for 2017, 2018 and 2019 were gathered for comparison. Mean period values were calculated from the hourly data and logged values compared using pairwise t-tests. Weather effects were corrected using meteorological normalisation. RESULTS: NO(2) concentrations were significantly lower in the 2020 lockdown period than in the previous 3 years (p<0.001). Mean outdoor PM(2.5) concentrations in 2020 were much lower than during the same period in 2019 (p<0.001). However, despite UK motor vehicle journeys reducing by 65%, concentrations in 2020 were within 1 µg/m(3) of those measured in 2017 (p=0.66) and 2018 (p<0.001), suggesting that traffic-related emissions may not explain variability of PM(2.5) in outdoor air in Scotland. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of reductions in motor vehicle journeys during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions may not have reduced ambient PM(2.5) concentrations in some countries. There is also a need for work to better understand how movement restrictions may have impacted personal exposure to air pollutants generated within indoor environments.
Lessons for the clinical nephrologist: recurrence of nephrotic syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2	Doevelaar,  AAN,  Hölzer, et al	J Nephrol	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case report of a 35 year old male with COVID-19 who developed nephrotic syndrome
Covid-19 vs BCG Universal Immunization: Statistical Significance at Six Months of Exposure	Dolgikh,  Serge	medRxiv	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	With a time-adjusted dataset of Covid-19 statistical data by reporting jurisdiction at the time point of six months after the local epidemics landfall we perform a statistical analysis of the significance of the correlation hypothesis between universal BCG immunization and milder Covid-19 scenarios proposed in the earlier studies. With the data accumulated to date the statistical significance of the BCG immunization correlation hypothesis is evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively with the conclusion that it has achieved a significant level of confidence. The conclusions of this research can be used in public policy as well as the rationale to investigate the nature and working of a potential broad immunity mechanism associated with an early-age BCG exposure.
Public Perceptions and Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions Across Six Countries: A Topic Modeling Analysis of Twitter Data	Doogan,  C,  Buntine, et al	J Med Internet Res	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to identify tweets about COVID-19 NPIs in six countries and compare the trends in public perceptions and attitudes toward NPIs across these countries. The aim is to identify factors that influenced public perceptions and attitudes about NPI regimes during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We analyzed 777,869 English language tweets about COVID-19 NPIs in six countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The relationship between tweet frequencies and case numbers was assessed using a Pearson correlation analysis. Topic modeling was used to isolate tweets about NPIs. A comparative analysis of NPIs between countries was conducted. RESULTS: The proportion of NPI-related topics, relative to all topics, varied between countries. The New Zealand data set displayed the greatest attention to NPIs, and the US data set showed the lowest. The relationship between tweet frequencies and case numbers was statistically significant only for Australia (r=0.837, P<.001) and New Zealand (r=0.747, P<.001).  Topic modeling produced 131 topics related to one of 22 NPIs, grouped into seven NPI categories: Personal Protection (n=15), Social Distancing (n=9), Testing and Tracing (n=10), Gathering Restrictions (n=18), Lockdown (n=42), Travel Restrictions (n=14), and Workplace Closures (n=23).
COVID-19 related reduction in pediatric emergency healthcare utilization - a concerning trend	Dopfer,  C,  Wetzke, et al	BMC Pediatr	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted healthcare systems worldwide. In addition to the direct impact of the virus on patient morbidity and mortality, the effect of lockdown strategies on health and healthcare utilization have become apparent. Little is known on the effect of the pandemic on pediatric and adolescent medicine. We examined the impact of the pandemic on pediatric emergency healthcare utilization. METHODS: We conducted a monocentric, retrospective analysis of n = 5,424 pediatric emergency department visits between January 1st and April 19th of 2019 and 2020, and compared healthcare utilization during the pandemic in 2020 to the same period in 2019. RESULTS: In the four weeks after lockdown in Germany began, we observed a massive drop of 63.8% in pediatric emergency healthcare utilization (mean daily visits 26.8 ± SEM 1.5 in 2019 vs. 9.7 ± SEM 1 in 2020, p < 0.005). This drop in cases occurred for both communicable and non-communicable diseases. A larger proportion of patients under one year old (daily mean of 16.6% ±SEM 1.4 in 2019 vs. 23.1% ±SEM 1.7 in 2020, p < 0.01) and of cases requiring hospitalisation (mean of 13.9% ±SEM 1.6 in 2019 vs. 26.6% ±SEM 3.3 in 2020, p < 0.001) occurred during the pandemic. During the analysed time periods, few intensive care admissions and no fatalities occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our data illustrate a significant decrease in pediatric emergency department visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public outreach is needed to encourage parents and guardians to seek medical attention for pediatric emergencies in spite of the pandemic.
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY TO UNDERSTAND THE SARS-CoV-2 EMERGENCE IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON REGION	dos Santos,  MirleideC,  Sousa, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	In Brazil, the Amazon Region contributed with a large number of cases of COVID-19, especially in the beginning of the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the country. Thus, we describe the epidemiological profile of COVID-19 and the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 strains circulating in the Amazon Region. We observe an extensive spread of virus in this Brazilian site. The data on sex, age and symptoms presented by the investigated individuals were similar to what has been observed worldwide. The genomic analysis of the viruses revealed important amino acid changes, including the D614G and the I33T in Spike and ORF6 proteins, respectively. The latter found in strains originating in Brazil. The phylogenetic analyzes demonstrated the circulation of the lineages B.1 and B.1.1, whose circulation in Brazil has already been previous reported. Our data reveals molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in the Amazon Region. These findings also reinforce the importance of continuous genomic surveillance this virus with the aim of providing accurate and updated data to understand and map the transmission network of this agent in order to subsidize operational decisions in public health.
The COVID-19 Outbreak Decreases Residents’ Self-Reported Happiness	Duan,  Hongbo,  Huang, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	his paper estimates the effect of the epidemic on the well-being of Chinese residents by capturing the emotions conveyed via massive social media, combined with city-level epidemic data. We also use station-level weather data and spatial geographic distance from the epicenter (Wuhan) to construct instrumental variables to better overcome the endogeneity problems of the estimations. We confirm the significant negative impact of the outbreak on life satisfaction, with an extra 1% of cumulative death cases associated with a 0.54% decrease in expressed happiness. Meanwhile, we find that well-being drops the most in regions with high-level risk of COVID-19, especially for females. Further, happiness in regions with higher or lower income levels are more vulnerable to the effects of the epidemic, while intermediate-level income regions are relatively insensitive. We also found that public announcements regarding the WHO pandemic and city-unlocking significantly affect residents’ sentiment. The interaction between the outbreak and real-time expressed happiness provides an important opportunity for reflection on the current governance policies of epidemic containment.
PMC7472405; Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children living in the U.S	Dunton,  GF,  Do, et al	BMC Public Health	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	BACKGROUND: COVID-19 restrictions such as the closure of schools and parks, and the cancellation of youth sports and activity classes around the United States may prevent children from achieving recommended levels of physical activity (PA). This study examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on PA and sedentary behavior (SB) in U.S. children. METHOD: Parents and legal guardians of U.S. children (ages 5-13) were recruited through convenience sampling and completed an online survey between April 25-May 16, 2020. Measures included an assessment of their child's previous day PA and SB by indicating time spent in 11 common types of PA and 12 common types of SB for children. Parents also reported perceived changes in levels of PA and SB between the pre-COVID-19 (February 2020) and early-COVID-19 (April-May 2020) periods. Additionally, parents reported locations (e.g., home/garage, parks/trails, gyms/fitness centers) where their children had performed PA and their children's use of remote/streaming services for PA. RESULTS: From parent reports, children (N = 211) (53% female, 13% Hispanic, M(age) = 8.73 SD = 2.58] years) represented 35 states and the District of Columbia. The most common physical activities during the early-COVID-19 period were free play/unstructured activity (e.g., running around, tag) (90% of children) and going for a walk (55% of children). Children engaged in about 90 min of school-related sitting and over 8 h of leisure-related sitting a day. Parents of older children (ages 9-13) vs. younger children (ages 5-8) perceived greater decreases in PA and greater increases in SB from the pre- to early-COVID-19 periods. Children were more likely to perform PA at home indoors or on neighborhood streets during the early- vs. pre-COVID-19 periods. About a third of children used remote/streaming services for activity classes and lessons during the early-COVID-19 period. CONCLUSION: Short-term changes in PA and SB in reaction to COVID-19 may become permanently entrenched, leading to increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in children. Programmatic and policy strategies should be geared towards promoting PA and reducing SB over the next 12 months.
30-day mortality for fractured neck of femur patients with concurrent COVID-19 infection	Dupley,  L,  Oputa, et al	Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	INTRODUCTION: Risk factors for mortality associated with COVID-19 have been reported to include increased age, male sex and certain comorbidities. Fracture neck of femur (NOF) patients is high-risk surgical patients, often with multiple comorbidities and advanced age. We quantify the 30-day mortality rate in fractured NOF patients with a positive peri-operative COVID-19 antigen test and identify risk factors for increased mortality. METHODS: This is a retrospective multi-centre review of all patients admitted with a fractured NOF and a confirmed laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 between 1 March and 26 April 2020. Demographic data, comorbidities, ASA grade and date of death (if applicable) were collected. RESULTS: There were 64 patients in the cohort with an overall 30-day mortality rate of 32.8% (n = 21). Thirty-five (55%) were female, and mean age was 83 (SD 9, range 46-100) years. There was significantly increased mortality for those with a history of myocardial infarction (p = 0.03). Sixty-four percent of patients underwent surgery within the 36-h target, which is comparable to previous data for the same time of year. Overall mortality increased to 50% (n = 32) at 45 days post-operatively. CONCLUSION: This is a large review of 30-day mortality in NOF patients with concurrent COVID-19 infection. We report a substantial increase from the pre-COVID-19 mean 30-day mortality rate (6.5% in 2019). We highlight the need for counselling patients when presenting with a NOF in relation to peri-operative COVID-19 infection and the associated increased risks.
COVID-19 superspreading in cities versus the countryside	Eilersen,  Andreas,  Sneppen, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	So far, the COVID-19 pandemic has been characterised by an initial rapid rise in new cases followed by a peak and a more erratic behaviour that varies between regions. This is not easy to reproduce with traditional SIR models, which predict a more symmetric epidemic. Here, we argue that superspreaders and population heterogeneity are the core factors explaining this discrepancy. We do so through an agent-based lattice model of a disease spreading in a heterogeneous population.We predict that an epidemic driven by superspreaders will spread rapidly in cities, but not in the countryside where the sparse population limits the maximal number of secondary infections. This suggests that mitigation strategies should include restrictions on venues where people meet a largenumber of strangers. Furthermore, mitigating the epidemic in cities and in the countryside may require different levels of restrictions.
Forecasting the outbreak of COVID-19 in Lebanon	El Deeb,  Omar,  Jalloul, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	in Lebanon using available data until August 25th, 2020 and forecasts the number of infections until the end of September using four different scenarios for mitigation measures reflected in the reproductive number Rt. Mitigation measures in Lebanon date back to early March soon after the first confirmed cases, and have been gradually lifted as of May. Thereafter, the country has witnessed a slow yet steady increase in the number of cases that has been significantly exacerbated after the explosion at Beirut harbor on August 4. Furthermore, we estimate the daily active cases in need of intensive care compared to the available number of beds and we assess accordingly that this capacity will be exhausted within a short span of time, unless severe measures are imposed.
COVİD-19 infection in a membranous nephropathy patient treated with rituximab	Elcioglu,  OC,  Artan, et al	CEN Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case report of a 48 year old male with COVID-19  and diabetes.
COVID-19-associated meningoencephalitis treated with intravenous immunoglobulin	El-Zein,  R,  Cardinali, et al	BMJ Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Case report of a 40 year old male with altered mental status after a recent hospitalisation for COVID-19 pneumonia.
Impact of baseline cases of cough and fever on UK COVID-19 diagnostic testing rates: estimates from the Bug Watch community cohort study	Eyre,  MaxT,  Burns, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	This study aims to make predictions about the contribution of baseline cough or fever to future testing demand in the UK. Methods: In this analysis of the Bug Watch prospective community cohort study, we estimated the incidence of cough or fever in England in 2018-2019. We then estimated the COVID-19 diagnostic testing rates required in the UK for baseline cough or fever cases for the period July 2020-June 2021.  Results: The baseline incidence of cough or fever in the UK is expected to rise rapidly from 154,554 (95%CI 103,083 - 231,725) cases per day in August 2020 to 250,708 (95%CI 181,095 - 347,080) in September, peaking at 444,660 (95%CI 353,084 - 559,988) in December. If 80% of baseline cough or fever cases request tests, average daily UK testing demand would exceed current capacity for five consecutive months (October 2020 to February 2021), with a peak demand of 147,240 (95%CI 73,978 - 239,502) tests per day above capacity in December 2020.
Communication about COVID-19 from Canadian provincial chief medical officers of health: a qualitative study	Fafard,  P,  Wilson, et al	CMAJ Open	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis, Canada's provincial chief medical officers of health (CMOHs) have provided regular updates on the pandemic response. We sought to examine whether their messaging varied over time and whether it varied across jurisdictions. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study of news releases from Canadian provincial government websites during the initial phases of the COVID-19 outbreak between Jan. 21 and Mar. 31, 2020. We performed content analysis using a predefined data extraction framework to derive themes. RESULTS: We identified 290 news releases. Four broad thematic categories emerged: describing the government's preparedness and capacity building, issuing recommendations and mandates, expressing reassurance and encouraging the public, and promoting public responsibility. Most of the news releases were prescriptive, conveying recommendations and mandates to slow transmission. Cross-jurisdictional variations in messaging reflected local realities, such as evidence of community transmission. Messaging also reflected changing information about the pandemic over time, shifting from a tone of reassurance early on, to a sudden emphasis on social distancing measures, to a concern with public responsibility to slow transmission. INTERPRETATION: Messaging across jurisdictions was generally consistent, and variations in the tone and timing of CMOH messaging aligned with different and changing realities across contexts. These findings indicate that when evaluating CMOHs' statements, it is critical to consider the context of the information they possess, the epidemiologic circumstances in their jurisdiction and the way the province has structured the CMOH role.
Decreased Case Fatality Rate of COVID-19 in the Second Wave: a study in 53 countries or regions	Fan,  G,  Yang, et al	Transbound Emerg Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	The raw case fatality rate (CFR, reported number of COVID-19 deaths divided by the number of cases) is an important indicator to quantify the severity or treatment efficacy. In many countries, the pandemic had two waves to date. To our knowledge, no studies have compared the CFR between the two waves. In this work, we report that of 53 countries or regions with the highest death tolls, 43 had lower CFR estimates in the on-going second wave than in the first wave . We discussed the possible reasons. Also, we compared the two-wave pattern of COVID-19 with those of influenza. Influenza activities in the pre-pandemic era provided an indicator for seasonality of climate in a country. The sharp drop in 2020 influenza activity is an indicator of the effects of social distancing.
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on COVID-19 Transmission in California, US: A Time-Series Study	Fang,  L,  W	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Transmission	Background: Previous researches inferred that high temperatures and high humidity might weaken COVID-19 transmission. However, with the warming weather coming, the COVID-19 pandemic is still intensifying. Methods: This study aims to evaluate the associations between daily temperature, relative humidity, and COVID-19 cases using the Distributed Lag Non-linear Model (DLNM) from Jan 27th to July 15th, 2020, in California, US. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between COVID-19 and temperature from 6 °C to 9 °C, relative humidity from 80% to 98%. It increased the risk of 95.4% at 6 °C (RR:1.954; CI: 1.032-3.701). It increased the risk of 70.3% when the humidity was 98% (RR: 1.703, CI: 1.049-2.765). At low temperature group, it increased the risk of 46.3% (RR = 1.463, 95%CI: 1.054-2.030) on lag 0-4 days. At high humidity group, it increased the risk of 42.3% (RR = 1.423, 95%CI: 1.070-1.892) on lag 0-6 days. Conclusions: We found that low temperature and high humidity were the risky factors of COVID-19 transmission, and higher temperature and lower humidity had no effect on the transmission of COVID-19, which indicated that it might not slow down due to weather factors in summer in the Mediterranean climate.
Stercoraceous transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus)	Felsenreich,  DM,  Lee, et al	Surg Technol Int	Transmission	Abstract/full-text could not be located.
Case Report: Recurrent Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Healthcare Professionals: A Series of Cases from Brazil	Fernandes Valente Takeda,  C,  Moura de Almeida, et al	Am J Trop Med Hyg	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Immunology | Immunologie	We describe six cases of healthcare professionals in Brazil who recovered but again presented symptoms consistent with COVID-19, with new positive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR test results. The cases reported herein presented symptom onset between March 16, 2020 and April 9, 2020. All were health professionals (four medical doctors), five were female, with a median age of 43.5 years, and three had comorbidities. All patients were confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR in naso and/or oropharyngeal swab samples. Among the reported cases, three (50%) underwent RT-PCR testing in the period between the two symptomatic episodes, with negative results. The time elapsed between the onset of symptoms in the two episodes ranged from 53 to 70 days (median, 56.5 days). In the first episode, the main symptoms described were fever (4/6), myalgia (3/6), sore throat (3/6), and cough (3/6). Meanwhile, during the second episode, fever (4/6) and weakness (3/6) predominated. Most of the cases progressed without complications, although one individual presented hypoxemia (minimum SatO(2) of 90%) in both episodes, and two, only in the second, one of which required intensive care unit admission, progressing with improvement after medication and receiving noninvasive ventilatory support. We report cases with recurrence of symptoms compatible with COVID-19, with positive RT-PCR results, that could represent the occurrence of viral reactivation or reinfection. The true nature of this phenomenon should be better clarified in future studies.
Detection of environmental SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a high prevalence setting in Spain	Fernández-de-Mera,  IG,  Rodríguez Del-Río, et al	Transbound Emerg Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Surveillance	Since March 2020, Spain (along with many other countries) has been severely affected by the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the rapid spread of a new virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2). As part of global efforts to improve disease surveillance, we investigated how readily SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in environmental samples collected from an isolated rural community in Spain with a high COVID-19 prevalence (6% of the population of 883 inhabitants). The first diagnosis of COVID-19-compatible symptoms in the village was recorded on March 3, 2020 and the last known active case resolved on June 5, 2020. By May 15, two months after strict movement constraints were imposed ("lockdown") the cumulative number of symptomatic cases had increased to 53. Of those cases, 22 (41%) had been tested and confirmed by RT-PCR. On May 13 and June 5, samples were collected from high-use surfaces and clothes in the homes of 13 confirmed cases, from surfaces in nine public service sites (e.g. supermarket and petrol station), and from the wastewater of the village sewage system. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 7 of 57 (12%) samples, including three households and three public sites. While there is not yet sufficient evidence to recommend environmental surveillance as a standard approach for COVID-19 epidemiology, environmental surveillance research may contribute to advance knowledge about COVID-19 by further elucidating virus shedding dynamics and environmental contamination, including the potential identification of animal reservoirs.
The timing of COVID-19 transmission	Ferretti,  Luca,  Ledda, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Transmission	The timing of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is a critical factor to understand the epidemic trajectory and the impact of isolation, contact tracing and other non- pharmaceutical interventions on the spread of COVID-19 epidemics. We examined the distribution of transmission events with respect to exposure and onset of symptoms. We show that for symptomatic individuals, the timing of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is more strongly linked to the onset of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 than to the time since infection. We found that it was approximately centered and symmetric around the onset of symptoms, with three quarters of events occurring in the window from 2-3 days before to 2-3 days after. However, we caution against overinterpretation of the right tail of the distribution, due to its dependence on behavioural factors and interventions. We also found that the pre-symptomatic infectious period extended further back in time for individuals with longer incubation periods. This strongly suggests that information about when a case was infected should be collected where possible, in order to assess how far into the past their contacts should be traced. Overall, the fraction of transmission from strictly pre-symptomatic infections was high (41%; 95%CI 31-50%), which limits the efficacy of symptom-based interventions, and the large fraction of transmissions (35%; 95%CI 26-45%) that occur on the same day or the day after onset of symptoms underlines the critical importance of individuals distancing themselves from others as soon as they notice any symptoms, even if they are mild. Rapid or at-home testing and contextual risk information would greatly facilitate efficient early isolation
Using multiple data streams to estimate and forecast SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics, with application to the virus spread in Orange County, California	Fintzi,  J,  B	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Transmission Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Near real-time monitoring of outbreak transmission dynamics and evaluation of public health interventions are critical for interrupting the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and mitigating morbidity and mortality caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Formulating a regional mechanistic model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics and frequently estimating parameters of this model using streaming surveillance data offers one way to accomplish data-driven decision making. For example, to detect an increase in new SARS-CoV-2 infections due to relaxation of previously implemented mitigation measures one can monitor estimates of the basic and effective reproductive numbers. However, parameter estimation can be imprecise, and sometimes even impossible, because surveillance data are noisy and not informative about all aspects of the mechanistic model, even for reasonably parsimonious epidemic models. To overcome this obstacle, at least partially, we propose a Bayesian modeling framework that integrates multiple surveillance data streams. Our model uses both COVID-19 incidence and mortality time series to estimate our model parameters. Importantly, our data generating model for incidence data takes into account changes in the total number of tests performed. We apply our Bayesian data integration method to COVID-19 surveillance data collected in Orange County, California. Our results suggest that California Department of Public Health stay-at-home order, issued on March 19, 2020, lowered the SARS-CoV-2 effective reproductive number Re in Orange County below 1.0, which means that the order was successful in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, subsequent "re-opening" steps took place when thousands of infectious individuals remained in Orange County, so Re increased to approximately 1.0 by mid-June and above 1.0 by mid-July.
Attitudes Toward a Potential SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Survey of U.S. Adults	Fisher,  KA,  Bloomstone, et al	Ann Intern Med	Vaccine Research| Recherche sur les vaccins Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly instigated a global pandemic. Vaccine development is proceeding at an unprecedented pace. Once available, it will be important to maximize vaccine uptake and coverage. OBJECTIVE: To assess intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 among a representative sample of adults in the United States and identify predictors of and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, fielded from 16 through 20 April 2020. SETTING: Representative sample of adults residing in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 1000 adults drawn from the AmeriSpeak probability-based research panel, covering approximately 97% of the U.S. household population. MEASUREMENTS: Intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 was measured with the question, "When a vaccine for the coronavirus becomes available, will you get vaccinated?" Response options were "yes," "no," and "not sure." Participants who responded "no" or "not sure" were asked to provide a reason. RESULTS: A total of 991 AmeriSpeak panel members responded. Overall, 57.6% of participants (n = 571) intended to be vaccinated, 31.6% (n = 313) were not sure, and 10.8% (n = 107) did not intend to be vaccinated. Factors independently associated with vaccine hesitancy (a response of "no" or "not sure") included younger age, Black race, lower educational attainment, and not having received the influenza vaccine in the prior year. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included vaccine-specific concerns, a need for more information, antivaccine attitudes or beliefs, and a lack of trust. LIMITATIONS: Participants' intent to be vaccinated was explored before a vaccine was available and when the pandemic was affecting a narrower swath of the United States. Questions about specific information or factors that might increase vaccination acceptance were not included. The survey response rate was 16.1%. CONCLUSION: This national survey, conducted during the coronavirus pandemic, revealed that approximately 3 in 10 adults were not sure they would accept vaccination and 1 in 10 did not intend to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Targeted and multipronged efforts will be needed to increase acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Is Lung Ultrasound Imaging a Worthwhile Procedure for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pneumonia Detection?	Fonsi,  GB,  Sapienza, et al	J Ultrasound Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	OBJECTIVES: We compared 2 imaging modalities in patients suspected of having coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Blinded to the results of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing, lung ultrasound (LUS) examinations and chest computed tomography (CT) were performed, and the specific characteristics of these imaging studies were assessed. METHODS: From March 15, 2020, to April 15, 2020, 63 consecutive patients were enrolled in this prospective pilot study. All patients underwent hematochemical tests, LUS examinations, chest CT, and confirmatory rRT-PCR. The diagnostic performance of LUS and chest CT was calculated with rRT-PCR as a reference. The interobserver agreement of radiologists and ultrasound examiners was calculated. Ultrasound and CT features were compared to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Positive and negative likelihood ratios measured the diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: Nineteen (30%) patients were COVID-19 negative, and 44 (70%) were positive. No differences in demographics and clinical data at presentation were observed among positive and negative patients. Interobserver agreement for CT had a κ value of 0.877, whereas for LUS, it was 0.714. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of chest CT for COVID-19 pneumonia were 93%, 90%, 85%, and 95%, respectively; whereas for LUS, they were 68%, 79%, 88%, and 52%. On receiver operating characteristic curves, area under the curve values were 0.834 (95% confidence interval, 0.711-0.958) and 0.745 (95% confidence interval, 0.606-0.884) for chest CT and LUS. CONCLUSIONS: Lung ultrasound had good reliability compared to chest CT. Therefore, our results indicate that LUS may be used to assess patients suspected of having COVID-19 pneumonia.
Modeling COVID-19 Transmission in Africa: Country-wise Projections of Total and Severe Infections Under Different Lockdown Scenarios	Frost,  Isabel,  Craig, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Transmission Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Objectives As of August 24th 2020, there have been 1,084,904 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 and 24,683 deaths across the African continent. Despite relatively lower numbers of cases initially, many African countries are now experiencing an exponential increase in case numbers. Estimates of the progression of disease and potential impact of different interventions are needed to inform policy making decisions. Herein, we model the possible trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 in 52 African countries under different intervention scenarios. Design We developed a compartmental model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to estimate the COVID-19 case burden for all African countries while considering four scenarios: no intervention, moderate lockdown, hard lockdown, and hard lockdown with continued restrictions once lockdown is lifted. We further analyzed the potential impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations affected by HIV/AIDS and TB. Results In the absence of an intervention, the most populous countries had the highest peaks in active projected number of infections with Nigeria having an estimated 645,081 severe infections. The scenario with a hard lockdown and continued post-lockdown interventions to reduce transmission was the most efficacious strategy for delaying the time to the peak and reducing the number of cases. In South Africa projected peak severe infections increase from 162,977 to 203,261, when vulnerable populations with HIV/AIDS and TB are included in the analysis. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly spreading across the African continent. Estimates of the potential impact of interventions and burden of disease are essential for policy makers to make evidence-based decisions on the distribution of limited resources and to balance the economic costs of interventions with the potential for saving lives
Both Boceprevir and GC376 efficaciously inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by targeting its main protease	Fu,  L,  Ye, et al	Nat Commun	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	COVID-19 was declared a pandemic on March 11 by WHO, due to its great threat to global public health. The coronavirus main protease (M(pro), also called 3CLpro) is essential for processing and maturation of the viral polyprotein, therefore recognized as an attractive drug target. Here we show that a clinically approved anti-HCV drug, Boceprevir, and a pre-clinical inhibitor against feline infectious peritonitis (corona) virus (FIPV), GC376, both efficaciously inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells by targeting M(pro). Moreover, combined application of GC376 with Remdesivir, a nucleotide analogue that inhibits viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), results in sterilizing additive effect. Further structural analysis reveals binding of both inhibitors to the catalytically active side of SARS-CoV-2 protease M(pro) as main mechanism of inhibition. Our findings may provide critical information for the optimization and design of more potent inhibitors against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus.
A New Screening Method for COVID-19 based on Ocular Feature Recognition by Machine Learning Tools	Fu,  Y,  L	ArXiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected several million people. With the outbreak of the epidemic, many researchers are devoting themselves to the COVID-19 screening system. The standard practices for rapid risk screening of COVID-19 are the CT imaging or RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction). However, these methods demand professional efforts of the acquisition of CT images and saliva samples, a certain amount of waiting time, and most importantly prohibitive examination fee in some countries. Recently, some literatures have shown that the COVID-19 patients usually accompanied by ocular manifestations consistent with the conjunctivitis, including conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, epiphora, or increased secretions. After more than four months study, we found that the confirmed cases of COVID-19 present the consistent ocular pathological symbols; and we propose a new screening method of analyzing the eye-region images, captured by common CCD and CMOS cameras, could reliably make a rapid risk screening of COVID-19 with very high accuracy. We believe a system implementing such an algorithm should assist the triage management or the clinical diagnosis. To further evaluate our algorithm and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai public health clinic center of Fudan University, we conduct a study of analyzing the eye-region images of 303 patients (104 COVID-19, 131 pulmonary, and 68 ocular patients), as well as 136 healthy people. Remarkably, our results of COVID-19 patients in testing set consistently present similar ocular pathological symbols; and very high testing results have been achieved in terms of sensitivity and specificity. We hope this study can be inspiring and helpful for encouraging more researches in this topic.
PMC7467873; Merit of Test: Perspective of Information Economics	Galeotti,  A,  Steiner, et al	Health Policy Technol	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes Economics | Économie	This article assesses the merit of a test through the lenses of economics, with applications to SARS-CoV-2. This allows us to rank distinct tests and to show that this ranking is not universal; it depends on the pre-test information available to the decision-maker and the losses stemming from incorrect actions. We provide a method to select, from multiple tests with different sensitivity and specificity, the test that helps the decision-maker the most to achieve her objective.
Predictive criteria of severe cases in COVID-19 patients of early stage: A retrospective observational study	Gao,  J,  Huang, et al	J Clin Lab Anal	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	BACKGROUND: Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often suffer sudden deterioration of disease around 1-2 weeks after onset. Once the disease progressed to severe phase, clinical prognosis of patients will significantly deteriorate. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study on patients of all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) from Tianyou Hospital (Wuhan, China) and the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. All 139 patients had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in their early stage, which is defined as within 7 days of clinical symptoms. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the predictive factors in the early detection of patients who may subsequently develop into severe cases. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the higher level of hypersensitivity C-reactive protein (OR = 4.77, 95% CI:1.92-11.87, P = .001), elevated alanine aminotransferase (OR = 6.87, 95%CI:1.56-30.21, P = .011), and chronic comorbidities (OR = 11.48, 95% CI:4.44-29.66, P < .001) are the determining risk factors for the progression into severe pneumonia in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: Early COVID-19 patients with chronic comorbidities, elevated hs-CRP or elevated ALT are significantly more likely to develop severe pneumonia as the disease progresses. These risk factors may facilitate the early diagnosis of critical patients in clinical practice.
The dichotomous and incomplete adaptive immunity in COVID-19	Gao,  Leiqiong,  Zhou, et al	medRxiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	The adaptive immunity that protects patients from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is not well characterized. In particular, the asymptomatic patients have been found to induce weak and transient SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown; meanwhile, the protective immunity that guide the recovery of these asymptomatic patients is also not well studied. Here, we characterized SARS-CoV-2-specific B-cell and T-cell responses in 10 asymptomatic patients and 49 patients with other disease severity (mild, n=10, moderate, n=32, severe, n=7) and found that asymptomatic or mild symptomatic patients failed to mount virus-specific germinal center (GC) B cell responses that result in robust and long-term humoral immunity, assessed by GC response indicators including follicular helper T (TFH) cell and memory B cell responses as well as serum CXCL13 levels. Alternatively, these patients mounted potent virus-specific TH1 and CD8+ T cell responses. In sharp contrast, patients of moderate or severe disease induced vigorous virus-specific GC B cell responses and associated TFH responses; however, the virus-specific TH1 and CD8+ T cells were minimally induced in these patients. These results therefore uncovered the protective immunity in asymptomatic patients and revealed the strikingly dichotomous and unbalanced humoral and cellular immune responses in COVID-19 patients with different disease severity, providing important insights into rational design of COVID-19 vaccines
Contact tracing efficiency, transmission heterogeneity, and accelerating COVID-19 epidemics	Gardner,  Billy,  Kilpatrick, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Simultaneously controlling COVID-19 epidemics and limiting economic and societal impacts presents a difficult challenge, especially with limited public health budgets. Testing, contact tracing, and isolating/quarantining is a key strategy that has been used to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. However, manual contact tracing is a time-consuming process and as case numbers increase it takes longer to reach each cases' contacts, leading to additional virus spread. Delays between symptom onset and being tested (and receiving results), and a low fraction of symptomatic cases being tested can also reduce the impact of contact tracing on transmission. We examined the relationship between cases, delays, and participation and the pathogen reproductive number Rt. We also examined implications for infection dynamics using a stochastic compartment model of SARS-CoV-2. We found that Rt increases sigmoidally with the number of cases due to decreasing contact tracing efficacy. This relationship results in accelerating epidemics because Rt increases, rather than declines, as infections increase. Shifting contact tracers from locations with high and low case burdens relative to capacity to locations with intermediate case burdens maximizes their impact in reducing Rt (but minimizing total infections is more complicated). We also found that contact tracing quickly becomes ineffective in reducing Rt with increasing delays between symptom onset and tracing and with lower fraction of symptomatic infections being tested. Finally, we found that when cases are low, testing and tracing reductions in Rt can sometimes greatly delay epidemics due to the highly heterogeneous transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, in which a small fraction of infections often give rise to most of transmission. These results demonstrate the importance of having an expandable or mobile team of contact tracers that can be used to control surges in cases. They also emphasize the value of easy access, high testing capacity and rapid turn-around of testing results, as well as outreach efforts to encourage symptomatic infections to be tested immediately after symptom onset. An efficient and adaptive public health capacity strategy can allow for increased economic activity and should be employed in the current and future pandemics.
New insights into nCOVID-19 binding domain and its cellular receptors	Garg,  Ankush,  Kumar, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Authors elucidate the significance of N-terminal domain of spike protein in spike-receptor interactions. The receptor binding domain of nCOVID-19 is more flexible than that of SARS-COV and has a high propensity to undergo phase separation.
Baseline chest X-ray in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients: association with clinical and laboratory data	Gatti,  M,  Calandri, et al	Radiol Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of CXR and to describe CXR findings and clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with positive and negative CXR. CXR has a low sensitivity. LDH, CRP and interval between the onset of symptoms and the execution of CXR are major predictors for a positive CXR.
PMC7472407; A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design comparison between COVID-19 infection control guidelines' applicability and their protective value as perceived by Israeli healthcare workers, and healthcare executives' response	Gesser-Edelsburg,  A,  Cohen, et al	Antimicrob Resist Infect Control	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This research aimed to identify and compare: (1) Israeli HCWs' perceptions regarding the official COVID-19 guidelines' applicability and their protective value, and (2) HCWs executives' response to HWCs' concern regarding personal protective equipment (PPE) shortage. HCWs need the support of the healthcare authorities not only to provide missing equipment, but also to communicate the risk to them.
Sequential Protein Capture in Multiplex Single Molecule Arrays: A Strategy for Eliminating Assay Cross-Reactivity	Gilboa,  T,  Maley, et al	Adv Healthc Mater	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Authors discuss the importance of measurements of multiple biomolecules within the same biological sample. The ultrasensitive sequential multiplex Simoa assays will enable the simultaneous measurements of multiple low-abundance analytes in a time- and cost-effective manner and will prove especially critical in many cases where sample volumes are limited.
Psychological Impact and Factors Associated with It in COVID-19 Patients of a Designated COVID-19 Hospital	Goel,  Nikhil,  Aggarwal, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Authors tried to analyze the psychological impact by assessing the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and related factors in COVID 19 patients. The notable factors were the presence of infection in family members, location of native place, age, and occupation. These factors may help health care workers to identify at-risk patients, who at later stages may develop anxiety or depressive disorders.
Detectability of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection and rates of mortality from the novel coronavirus infection in different regions of the Russian Federation	Goldstein,  E	ArXiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	The aim of this paper is to examine the relation between detectability of SARS-CoV-2 infection and levels of mortality from COVID-19 for the different regions of the Russian Federation. Regions of the Russian Federation with relatively low detectability of SARS-CoV-2 infection ought to increase testing for SARS-CoV-2 in order to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and diminish the related mortality.
Endemic Non2013SARS-CoV-2 Human Coronaviruses in a Community-Based Australian Birth Cohort	Grimwood,  K,  Lambert, et al	Pediatrics	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	The authors' objective was to explore the epidemiology of the four endemic (non-SARS-CoV-2) human coronaviruses (HCoV) by species, including acute illness episodes, risk factors and healthcare burden in a cohort of Australian children in the first 2-years of life. In children, HCoV infections are common, recurrent and frequently asymptomatic. Future studies should determine transmission pathways and immune mechanisms.
Predicting the cumulative medical load of COVID-19 outbreaks after the peak in daily fatalities	Gros,  Claudius,  Valenti, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Authors present the exact phase space solution of the controlled SIR model and use it to quantify containment policies for a large number of countries in terms of short- and long-term control parameters. As the number of fatalities corresponds to the number of hospitalised patients, the relationship can be used to predict the cumulative medical load, once the effectiveness of outbreak suppression policies is established with sufficient certainty.
Identification of potential key genes for SARS-CoV-2 infected human bronchial organoids based on bioinformatics analysis	Gu,  Hanming,  Yuan, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	There is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus clade 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that leads to COVID-19 and respiratory failure. Our study is to discover differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and biological signaling pathways by using a bioinformatics approach to elucidate their potential pathogenesis. The gene expression profiles of the GSE150819 datasets were originally produced using an Illumina NextSeq 500 (Homo sapiens). KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and GO (Gene Ontology) were utilized to identify functional categories and significant pathways. KEGG and GO results suggested that the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, P53 signaling pathway, and Apoptosis are the main signaling pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infected human bronchial organoids (hBOs). Furthermore, NFKBIA, C3, and CCL20 may be key genes in SARS-CoV-2 infected hBOs. Therefore, our study provides further insights into the therapy of COVID-19.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
In vitro comparison of surgical techniques in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: electrocautery generates more droplets and aerosol than laser surgery or drilling	Guderian,  DB,  Loth, et al	Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol	Transmission Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The aim of this study was the semi-quantitative comparison of ENT-typical interventions in the head and neck area with regard to particle and aerosol generation. Results demonstrated clear differences comparing surgical model interventions.
Functional profiling of COVID-19 respiratory tract microbiomes	Haiminen,  Niina,  Utro, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Authors present a framework for comparative functional analysis of microbiomes, the results from which can lead to new hypotheses on the host-microbiome interactions in healthy versus afflicted cohorts. The resulting microbial functional profiles and their top differentiating features clearly separate the cohorts.
Notable sequence homology of the ORF10 protein introspects the architecture of SARS-COV-2	Hassan,  Sk Sarif,  Attrish, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	In this study, all missense mutations found in sequence databases were examined across twenty-two unique SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 variants that could possibly alter viral pathogenicity. Altogether, SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 is a promising pharmaceutical target and a protein which should be monitored  for changes which correlate to change pathogenesis and clinical course of COVID-19 infection.
Rare SARS-CoV-2 antibody development in cancer patients	Hempel,  I,  M	Research Square prepub	Immunology | Immunologie	In the present study, authors analyzed the antibody development of 77 oncology patients 26 days after positive RT-qPCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. RT-qPCR and anti-SARS-CoV2-antibody methods from BGI and Roche were used, respectively, according to the manufacturers’ specifications. Understanding the adaptive and humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 will play a key-roll in vaccine development and gaining further knowledge on the pathogenesis.
PMC7462773; Understanding the Intersection of Working from Home and Burnout to Optimize Post-COVID19 Work Arrangements in Radiation Oncology	Hoffman,  KE,  Garner, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The aim of this study was to evaluate burnout in an academic radiation oncology program after the workforce shifted to working from home all or part of the time to better understand the impact of remote work and if it is sustainable after the COVID-19 virus abates. Burnout was not increased during the emerging COVID-19 period compared with pre-COVID data.
Modeling COVID-19 dynamics in the sixteen West African countries	Honfo,  SewanouH,  Taboe, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	This study considered a simple deterministic SIR (Susceptible- Infectious-Recovered) model to characterize and predict future course of the pandemic in the West African countries. Results obtained showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has not severely affected West Africa as noticed in other regions of the world, but current control measures and standard operating procedures should be maintained over time to ensure trends observed and even accelerate the declining trend of the pandemic.
Convalescent Plasma-Mediated Resolution of Covid-19 in Humoral Immunodeficiency	Honjo,  Kazuhito,  Russell, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Convalescent plasma (CP) is widely used to treat Covid-19, but without formal evidence of efficacy. Here, we report the beneficial effects of CP in a severely ill Covid-19 patient with prolonged pneumonia and advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), who was unable to generate an antiviral antibody response of her own. On day-33 after becoming symptomatic, the patient received CP containing high-titer (ID 50 >5,000) neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), defervesced and improved clinically within 48 hours, and was discharged on day-37. Hence, when present in sufficient quantities, NAbs to SARS-CoV-2 have curative potential even if administered relatively late in the disease course.
Adjusted Dynamics of COVID-19 Pandemic due to Herd Immunity in Bangladesh	Hoque,  Enamul,  Islam, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	In this article, the dynamics of the pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh are analyzed with the SIRD model. Based on the estimations of active, severe, and critical cases, we discuss a set of policy recommendations to improve the current pandemic control methods in Bangladesh.
COVID-19 infection, a potential threat to surgical patients and staff? A retrospective cohort study	Hou,  J,  Wan, et al	Int J Surg	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study aimed to describe the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in surgical patients and medical staff. In this series of 1586 surgical patients, the COVID-19 infection rate was 1.07%, with an especially high incidence among patients with thoracic diseases.
Overcoming Symmetry Mismatch in Vaccine Nanoassembly via Spontaneous Amidation	Howarth,  M,  Rahikainen, et al	Angew Chem Int Ed Engl	Vaccine Research| Recherche sur les vaccins	Virus-like particles (VLPs) are important platforms to generate vaccines against pathogenic threats including Covid-19. Authors explore spontaneous amidation to establish principles for coupling VLPs to diverse antigen symmetries. For the global challenge of Influenza, Spy-display enabled powerful induction of neutralizing antibodies to trimeric and tetrameric antigens.
IoT-based Contact Tracing Systems for Infectious Diseases: Architecture and Analysis	Hu,  P'	ArXiv	Transmission	The authors explore generic architecture for contact tracing in the context of today's Internet of Things (IoT) technologies based on a broad range of applicable sensors. The proposed work aims to provide a framework for assisting future designs and evaluation of IoT-based contact tracing solutions and to enable data-driven collective efforts on combating current and future infectious diseases.
Cautionary note on contamination of reagents used for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2	Huggett,  JF,  Benes, et al	Clin Chem	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, the principal diagnostic method applied in the world-wide struggle against COVID-19, is capable of detecting a single molecule of a viral genome. Correctly designed and practiced RT-PCR assays for SARS-CoV-2 should not cross react with similar but distinct viral pathogens, such as the coronaviruses associated with the common cold, and should perform with very high analytical sensitivity. This analytical performance is predicated on the ability of the method to detect the presence of the selected nucleic acid target, without detection of a false positive signal.
Prevalence of suspected COVID-19 infection in patients from ethnic minority populations: a cross-sectional study in primary care	Hull,  SA,  Williams, et al	Br J Gen Pract	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence and time course of clinically suspected COVID-19 presenting to general practices, to report the risk of suspected COVID-19 by ethnic group, and to identify whether differences by ethnicity can be explained by clinical data in the GP record. Using data from GP records, black and South Asian ethnicity remain as predictors of suspected COVID-19, with levels of risk similar to hospital admission reports.
BANANA at WNUT-2020 Task 2: Identifying COVID-19 Information on Twitter by Combining Deep Learning and Transfer Learning Models	Huynh,  TV,  N	ArXiv	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The outbreak COVID-19 virus caused a significant impact on the health of people all over the world. Therefore, it is essential to have a piece of constant and accurate information about the disease with everyone. This paper describes our prediction system for WNUT-2020 Task 2: Identification of Informative COVID-19 English Tweets. The dataset for this task contains size 10,000 tweets in English labeled by humans. The ensemble model from our three transformer and deep learning models is used for the final prediction. The experimental result indicates that we have achieved F1 for the INFORMATIVE label on our systems at 88.81% on the test set.
Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio - A Marker of COVID-19 Pneumonia Severity	Imran,  MM,  Ahmed, et al	Int J Clin Pract	Clinical data| Données cliniques	The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a marker of the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia in the South-Asian population. NLR can be used as an early warning signal for deteriorating severe COVID-19 infection and can provide an objective basis for early identification and management of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
Coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with recent cardiac surgery: does chronic anticoagulant therapy have a protective effect?	Inama,  G,  Dodi, et al	J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)	Clinical data| Données cliniques Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical course of COVID-19 in patients who had recently undergone a cardiac procedure and were inpatients in a cardiac rehabilitation department. This study suggests that COVID-19 patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy may have a more favorable and less complicated clinical course.
The link between vitamin D deficiency and Covid-19 in a large population	Israel,  Ariel,  Cicurel, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Authors observe major differences in Covid-19 incidence in ethnic groups and genders in each group. In this large observational population study, authors show a strong association between vitamin D deficiency and Covid-19 occurrence.
Pharmacy and Pharm.D students' knowledge and information needs about COVID-19	Jarab,  AS,  Al-Qerem, et al	Int J Clin Pract	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates collaborative teamwork by all healthcare providers including pharmacists. Since Pharmacy and Pharm. D students represent the future pharmacists, it is necessary to ensure that they have a good awareness about COVID-19 or any other pandemic that could happen in the future. OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to evaluate Pharmacy and Pharm.D students' knowledge and information needs about COVID-19. METHOD: A cross-sectional web-based design survey was used to assess socio-demographics and knowledge about COVID-19 amongst Pharmacy and Pharm. D students. After being validated, the questionnaire was formatted into Google forms and distributed amongst undergraduate Pharmacy and Pharm. D students in accredited Universities in Jordan. RESULTS: A total of 860 Pharmacy and Pharm.D students completed the questionnaire. Results revealed moderate students' knowledge about COVID-19 (mean knowledge score was 5.6 out of 10). Students had high correct response rates in questions asking about transmission method, treatment, zoonotic transmission and medications to be avoided. However, the students demonstrated low knowledge in questions asking about the incubation period and degree of contagion scores. Several factors were associated with students' level of knowledge including the field of study and academic year. Few students relied on their faculty as the main source of information about the infection and most of them relied on self-reading and social network. CONCLUSION: The results of this study clearly demonstrate an unsatisfactory level of knowledge and a lot of information needs about COVID-19 amongst Pharmacy and Pharm. D students. More efforts should be deployed to educate pharmacy students about COVID-19 with an emphasis on the need for a more active role by the universities to achieve this goal.
Neuropathological Findings in Two Patients with Fatal COVID-19	Jensen,  MP,  Le Quesne, et al	Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol	Clinical data| Données cliniques	AIMS: To describe the neuropathological findings in two cases of fatal Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with neurological decline. METHODS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was confirmed in both patients by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from nasopharyngeal swabs antemortem. Coronial autopsies were performed on both patients and histological sampling of the brain was undertaken with a variety of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains. RNAscope® in situ hybridisation (ISH) using the V-nCoV2019-S probe and RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) was performed in paraffin-embedded brain tissue sampled from areas of pathology. RESULTS: Case 1 demonstrated severe multifocal cortical infarction with extensive perivascular calcification and numerous megakaryocytes, consistent with a severe multi-territorial cerebral vascular injury. There was associated cerebral thrombotic microangiopathy. Case 2 demonstrated a brainstem encephalitis centred on the dorsal medulla and a subacute regional infarct involving the cerebellar cortex. In both cases ISH and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA were negative in tissue sampled from the area of pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Our case series adds calcifying cerebral cortical infarction with associated megakaryocytes and brainstem encephalitis to the spectrum of neuropathological findings that may contribute to the neurological decompensation seen in some COVID-19 patients. Viral RNA was not detected in post-mortem brain tissue, suggesting that these pathologies may not be a direct consequence of viral neuroinvasion and may represent para-infectious phenomena, relating to the systemic hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable syndromes that both patients suffered.
Development of a minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to simulate lung exposure in humans following oral administration of ivermectin for COVID-19 drug repurposing	Jermain,  B,  Hanafin, et al	J Pharm Sci	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the IMPα/β1 heterodimer to enter host cell nuclei after gaining cellular access through the ACE2 receptor. Ivermectin has shown antiviral activity by inhibiting the formation of the importin-α (IMPα) and IMPβ1 subunits as well as dissociating the IMPα/β1 heterodimer and has in vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Plasma and lung ivermectin concentrations vs. time profiles in cattle were used to determine the apparent plasma to lung tissue partition coefficient of ivermectin. This coefficient, together with a simulated geometric mean plasma profile of ivermectin from a published population pharmacokinetic model, was utilized to develop a minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model. The mPBPK model accurately described the simulated ivermectin plasma concentration profile in humans. The mPBPK model was also used to simulate human lung exposure to ivermectin after 12, 30, and 120 mg oral doses. The simulated ivermectin lung exposures reached a maximum concentration of 772 ng/mL, far less than the estimated 1750 ng/mL IC(50) reported for ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Further studies of ivermectin either reformulated for inhaled delivery or in combination with other antivirals with differing mechanisms of action is needed to assess its therapeutic potential.
Mathematical models for devising the optimal SARS-CoV-2 strategy for eradication in China, South Korea, and Italy	Jiang,  S,  Li, et al	J Transl Med	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spreads rapidly and has attracted worldwide attention. METHODS: To improve the forecast accuracy and investigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, we constructed four mathematical models to numerically estimate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the efficacy of eradication strategies. RESULTS: Using the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed (SEIR) model, and including measures such as city closures and extended leave policies implemented by the Chinese government that effectively reduced the β value, we estimated that the β value and basic transmission number, R(0), of SARS-CoV-2 was 0.476/6.66 in Wuhan, 0.359/5.03 in Korea, and 0.400/5.60 in Italy. Considering medicine and vaccines, an advanced model demonstrated that the emergence of vaccines would greatly slow the spread of the virus. Our model predicted that 100,000 people would become infected assuming that the isolation rate α in Wuhan was 0.30. If quarantine measures were taken from March 10, 2020, and the quarantine rate of α was also 0.3, then the final number of infected people was predicted to be 11,426 in South Korea and 147,142 in Italy. CONCLUSIONS: Our mathematical models indicate that SARS-CoV-2 eradication depends on systematic planning, effective hospital isolation, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and some measures including city closures and leave policies should be implemented to ensure SARS-CoV-2 eradication.
FEASIBILITY OF ESTABLISHING A RETURN-TO-WORK PROTOCOL BASED ON COVID-19 ANTIBODIES TESTING	Job,  Gerard,  Okungbowa-Ikponmwosa, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Immunology | Immunologie	Prior to the diagnosis of the first SARS-CoV2 patient in Florida, the Miami Dade Fire Rescue developed and implemented its return-to-work protocol based on guidelines from the CDC and Florida Fire Chiefs Association. As of February 17, 2020, all asymptomatic employees exposed to PCR-confirmed positive SARS-CoV2 individuals would be excluded from work for 14 days and report absence of symptoms to a delegated supervisor every 24 hours. We postulated that if COVID-19 transmission rate continues at the current rate in the absence of systemic vaccination strategy for SARS-CoV2, then a safer and more efficient return-to-work policy is needed for exposed first responders who are identified as low-risk for disease transmission. Objectives: We sought to establish a safe and shortened return-to-work protocol to maintain our workforce. We evaluated the utility of serological antibody testing in predicting negative seroconversion of first responders at 7 days post low-risk exposure to confirmed COVID-19 individuals. Methods: All exposed, asymptomatic employees underwent serology testing for SARS-CoV2 one week after the initial exposure. Participants who were serologically negative had follow-up RT-PCR within 24 hours and serology testing 14 days after the initial serological test. Results: Overall, of the 71 firefighters who have had documented exposures to SARS-CoV2 positive individuals in the fire rescue agency, 41 of 71 had initially negative serology studies. Of the 41 patients with negative serology studies, 20 voluntarily underwent confirmatory PCR testing within one day after serology testing and all 20 participants were negative. Subsequently, out of the 20 participants who underwent serology and PCR testing, 10 participants followed up and underwent repeat serology testing 14 days after exposure and all 10 participants had negative repeat serology tests. The other ten who chose not to retest remained asymptomatic 14 days after exposure. Conclusions: Although serology testing has limitations, it correlated with negative prediction of disease in low-risk participants with exposures in this study. Serology testing may offer a feasible, alternative return-to-work strategy for fire agencies.
Phenotypical and functional alteration of unconventional T cells in severe COVID-19 patients	Jouan,  Y,  Guillon, et al	J Exp Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	COVID-19 includes lung infection ranging from mild pneumonia to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Dysregulated host immune response in the lung is a key feature in ARDS pathophysiology. However, cellular actors involved in COVID-19-driven ARDS are poorly understood. Here, in blood and airways of severe COVID-19 patients, we serially analyzed unconventional T cells, a heterogeneous class of T lymphocytes (MAIT, γδT, and iNKT cells) with potent antimicrobial and regulatory functions. Circulating unconventional T cells of COVID-19 patients presented with a profound and persistent phenotypic alteration. In the airways, highly activated unconventional T cells were detected, suggesting a potential contribution in the regulation of local inflammation. Finally, expression of the CD69 activation marker on blood iNKT and MAIT cells of COVID-19 patients on admission was predictive of clinical course and disease severity. Thus, COVID-19 patients present with an altered unconventional T cell biology, and further investigations will be required to precisely assess their functions during SARS-CoV-2-driven ARDS.
Potential Role of Acacia Senegal (Gum Arabic) as Immunomodulatory Agent among newly diagnosed COVID 19 Patients: A structured summary of a protocol for a randomised, controlled, clinical trial	Kaddam,  L,  Babiker, et al	Trials	RCT	OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential efficacy of Acacia Senegal extract Gum Arabic (GA) supplementation as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory dietary intervention among newly diagnosed COVID 19 Sudanese patients. To study the effect of GA on the level of cytokines, TNFα, IL8, IL6 IL10, CRP and the viral load. Secondary outcomes will be the effect of GA oral intake on mortality rate and days of hospital admission. TRIAL DESIGN: Quadruple blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial Phase II & III. Prospective, two-arm, parallel-group, randomised (1:1 allocation ratio) superiority trial of oral GA among seropositive COVID-19 patients. PARTICIPANTS: Inclusion criteria: COVID-19 infected (newly diagnosed) as proved by real-time PCR within 72 hours of PCR. Age 8-90 years Both genders Exclusion criteria: Intubated patients on parenteral treatment Allergy to Gum Arabic The study will be conducted in COVID Isolation Centres and Soba University Hospital Khartoum State Sudan. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Experimental: Intervention Group This arm will receive 100% natural Gum Arabic provided in a powder form in 30-grams-dose once daily for four weeks Placebo Comparator: Control group: This group will be provided with pectin powder provided as one-gram-dose once daily for four weeks Both GA and placebo will be in addition to standard care treatment based on local clinical guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES: Mean change from baseline score of Immune Response to end of the trial. Changes of the level of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNFα), interleukin IL8, IL6, and IL10 from the baseline values (Four weeks from the start of randomization). Mortality rate: The percentage of deaths among COVID 19 patients received Gum Arabic compared to placebo (Four weeks from the start of randomization]). RANDOMISATION: Randomization (1:1 allocation ratio) and will be conducted using a sequence of computer-generated random numbers by an independent individual. Each participating centre will be assigned a special code generated by the computer. The randomization will be kept by the PI and a research assistant. BLINDING (MASKING): Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor) NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMISED (SAMPLE SIZE): 110 eligible patients will be randomly assigned to either GA (n=55) or placebo (n=55) groups. TRIAL STATUS: Protocol Version no 2, 30(th) June 2020. Recruitment will start on 15(th) September 2020. The intended completion date is 15(th) January 2021. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04381871 . Date of trial registration: 11 May 2020. FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.
[MRI and intravenous thrombolysis for unclear-onset stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case report]	Kamogawa,  N,  Egashira, et al	Rinsho Shinkeigaku	Clinical data| Données cliniques	During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, an 81-year-old afebrile woman was transported to our institute at 44 minutes after she was found to have global aphasia and weakness of the right extremities. The onset time was unclear. CT showed an occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery without early ischemic changes. MRI revealed a negative fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pattern, in which several small acute infarcts were seen in diffusion-weighted images with no corresponding hyperintensity lesions on FLAIR. Accordingly, intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase (0.6 mg/kg, the dose approved in Japan) was administered at 1,660 minutes after the last known well and 116 minutes after the symptom recognition. An immediate internal carotid angiogram showed severe stenosis at the distal end of the horizontal portion of the left middle cerebral artery. In the follow-up angiogram at 164 minutes after the symptom recognition, the stenotic lesion almost resolved with the restoration of quick and nearly complete antegrade flow. Her symptoms also resolved promptly. Although the use of MRI is recommended to be minimized in the emergency stroke management during the COVID-19 pandemic, MRI is occasionally mandatory for patient selection, such as cases with unclear onset to perform intravenous thrombolysis. The individualized protected code stroke is essential and must be well considered by each institute for diagnosing patients by selecting appropriate modalities.
PolSIRD: Modeling Epidemic Spread under Intervention Policies and an Application to the Spread of COVID-19	Kamra,  N,  Z	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Epidemic spread in a population is traditionally modeled via compartmentalized models which represent the free evolution of disease in absence of any intervention policies. In addition, these models assume full observability and do not account for under-reporting of cases. We present a mathematical model, namely PolSIRD, which accounts for the under-reporting by introducing an observation mechanism. It also captures the effects of intervention policies on the disease spread parameters by leveraging intervention policy data along with the reported disease cases. Furthermore, we allow our recurrent model to learn the initial hidden state of all compartments end-to-end along with other parameters via gradient-based training. We apply our model to spread of the recent global outbreak of COVID-19 where our model outperforms the current methods employed by the CDC in most of the metrics. We also provide actionable guidance on the lifting of intervention policies via counterfactual simulations from our model.
The Effect of the Presence of Lower Urinary System Symptoms on the Prognosis of COVID-19: Preliminary Results of a Prospective Study	Karabulut,  I,  Cinislioglu, et al	Urol Int	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	PURPOSE: To investigate the effectiveness of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-related lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which occur as a natural result of aging and androgen exposure, in predicting disease prognosis in male patients diagnosed with COVID-19. METHODS: The study was planned prospectively. The study included 63 male patients over 40 years of age diagnosed with COVID-19. The patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 based on the results of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs obtained as per the World Health Organization guidelines. The presence of LUTS was assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), a subjective assessment, and the I-PSS was filled for the patients included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups based on their scores in the I-PSS survey: group 1: mild (0-7), group 2: moderate (8-19), and group 3: severe (20-35). The data of all three groups were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In the assessment performed between the groups, it was identified that for patients in group 3, the length of hospital stay was longer, intensive care requirement was more frequent, and their mortality rates were numerically higher. In the evaluation made regarding the time to intensive care admittance, this was identified to be the shortest in group 3. CONCLUSION: As a result of our study, we think that in patients with COVID-19, BPH-related LUTS can guide clinicians in predicting prognosis.
Local lockdowns outperform global lockdown on the far side of the COVID-19 epidemic curve	Karatayev,  VA,  Anand, et al	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	In the late stages of an epidemic, infections are often sporadic and geographically distributed. Spatially structured stochastic models can capture these important features of disease dynamics, thereby allowing a broader exploration of interventions. Here we develop a stochastic model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission among an interconnected group of population centers representing counties, municipalities, and districts (collectively, "counties"). The model is parameterized with demographic, epidemiological, testing, and travel data from Ontario, Canada. We explore the effects of different control strategies after the epidemic curve has been flattened. We compare a local strategy of reopening (and reclosing, as needed) schools and workplaces county by county, according to triggers for county-specific infection prevalence, to a global strategy of province-wide reopening and reclosing, according to triggers for province-wide infection prevalence. For trigger levels that result in the same number of COVID-19 cases between the two strategies, the local strategy causes significantly fewer person-days of closure, even under high intercounty travel scenarios. However, both cases and person-days lost to closure rise when county triggers are not coordinated and when testing rates vary among counties. Finally, we show that local strategies can also do better in the early epidemic stage, but only if testing rates are high and the trigger prevalence is low. Our results suggest that pandemic planning for the far side of the COVID-19 epidemic curve should consider local strategies for reopening and reclosing.
Evaluating the Impact of COVID-19 on Cyberbullying through Bayesian Trend Analysis	Karmakar,  S,  D	ArXiv	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	COVID-19's impact has surpassed from personal and global health to our social life. In terms of digital presence, it is speculated that during pandemic, there has been a significant rise in cyberbullying. In this paper, we have examined the hypothesis of whether cyberbullying and reporting of such incidents have increased in recent times. To evaluate the speculations, we collected cyberbullying related public tweets (N=454,046) posted between January 1st, 2020 -- June 7th, 2020. A simple visual frequentist analysis ignores serial correlation and does not depict changepoints as such. To address correlation and a relatively small number of time points, Bayesian estimation of the trends is proposed for the collected data via an autoregressive Poisson model. We show that this new Bayesian method detailed in this paper can clearly show the upward trend on cyberbullying-related tweets since mid-March 2020. However, this evidence itself does not signify a rise in cyberbullying but shows a correlation of the crisis with the discussion of such incidents by individuals. Our work emphasizes a critical issue of cyberbullying and how a global crisis impacts social media abuse and provides a trend analysis model that can be utilized for social media data analysis in general.
PMC7455200 personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper; COVID-19 in unequally ageing European regions	Kashnitsky,  I,  Aburto, et al	World Dev	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	The map presented in this brief note summarizes regional differences in population age structures between the NUTS-3 regions of Europe in the context of unequal age- and sex-specific death risks associated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since older people are exposed to much higher death risks, older populations are expected to face much more difficult challenges coping with the pandemic. The urban/rural dimension turns out to be very important as the remote rural areas are also the oldest. In the map NUTS-3 regions of Europe are colored according to the deviation from European pooled estimate of the proportion of population at risk of death due to COVID-19. We assume that 5/6 of the populations get infected and experience age-specific infection-fatality ratios (IFRs) modelled by the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. We adjust IFRs by sex ratios of age-specific case-fatality ratios observed in the European countries that are included in the COVerAGE-DB. Thus, we effectively introduce a summary measure of population age structures focused on the most vulnerable to the pandemic. Such an estimate for the total European population is 1%. The map reflects the unequal population age structures rather than the precise figures on COVID-19 fatality. It is a case-if scenario that highlights the possible effect of the population age structures, a demographic perspective. This analysis clearly shows the contribution of regional differences in population age structures to the magnitude of the pandemic - other things equal, we expect to see a four-fold variation in average regional infection-fatality ratios across Europe due only to differences in the population structures.
Utility of Olfactory test as screening tool for COVID-19: A pilot study	Khare,  Pragyanshu,  Chander, et al	medRxiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	Loss of smell function (Anosmia) is reported to be associated with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. The present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an indigenously developed prototype smell test to identify/diagnose asymptomatic COVID-19 positive individuals. A panel of five different odorants belonging to Indian household with unique and mutually exclusive odor were used to develop prototype kit to test the hypothesis. The developed prototype kit was tested at 2 centers (N=49 and 34) with slight modifications. Simultaneously, the kit was also tested on 55 (N=35 and 20) healthy controls. Our results indicate that otherwise asymptomatic COVID-19 positive individuals were having quantifiable deficit in smell sensation. Interestingly, the variable sensitivity of different odorants was observed in different patients. None of the healthy controls reported difficulty in sensing any of the odorant, whereas, some of healthy controls did misidentify the odorants. Overall, the present study provides a preliminary data that loss in smell sensation for various odorants can be exploited as a quick and affordable screening test to identify infected cases among at risk individuals.
Anticoagulation in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation suffering from COVID-19 disease, The ANTI-CO trial: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial	Kharma,  N,  Roehrig, et al	Trials	RCT	OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of anticoagulation with bivalirudin administered intravenously on gas-exchange in patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure using invasive mechanical ventilation. TRIAL DESIGN: This is a single centre parallel group, superiority, randomized (1:1 allocation ratio) controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: All patients admitted to the Hamad Medical Corporation -ICU in Qatar for COVID-19 associated respiratory distress and in need of mechanical ventilation are screened for eligibility. INCLUSION CRITERIA: all adult patients admitted to the ICU who test positive for COVID-19 by PCR-test and in need for mechanical ventilation are eligible for inclusion. Upon crossing the limit of D-dimers (1.2 mg/L) these patients are routinely treated with an increased dose of anticoagulant according to our local protocol. This will be the start of randomization. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy, allergic to the drug, inherited coagulation abnormalities, no informed consent. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: The intervention group will receive the anticoagulant bivalirudin intravenously with a target aPTT of 45-70 sec for three days while the control group will stay on the standard treatment with low-molecular-weight heparins /unfractionated heparin subcutaneously (see scheme in Additional file 1). All other treatment will be unchanged and left to the attending physicians. MAIN OUTCOMES: As a surrogate parameter for clinical improvement and primary outcome we will use the PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio. RANDOMISATION: After inclusion, the patients will be randomized using a closed envelope method into the conventional treatment group, which uses the standard strategy and the experimental group which receives anticoagulation treatment with bivalirudin using an allocation ratio of 1:1. BLINDING (MASKING): Due to logistical and safety reasons (assessment of aPTT to titrate the study drug) only the data-analyst will be blinded to the groups. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMISED (SAMPLE SIZE): We performed a sample size calculation and assumed the data for P/F ratio (according to literature) is normally distributed and used the mean which would be: 160 and SD is 80. We expect the treatment will improve this by 30%. In order to reach a power of 80% we would need 44 patients per group (in total 88 patients). Taking approximately 10% of dropout into account we will include 100 patients (50 in each group). TRIAL STATUS: The local registration number is MRC-05-082 with the protocol version number 2. The date of approval is 18th June 2020. Recruitment started on 28(th) June and is expected to end in November 2020. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol is registered before starting subject recruitment under the title: "Anticoagulation in patients suffering from COVID-19 disease. The ANTI-CO Trial" in ClinicalTrials.org with the registration number: NCT04445935 . Registered on 24 June 2020. FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 2). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of SARS-CoV2-infected paediatric patients in Jordan: serial RT-PCR testing until discharge	Kilani,  MM,  Odeh, et al	Paediatr Int Child Health	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	BACKGROUND: Data on COVID-19 in children are limited. This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics, laboratory results and longitudinal RT-PCR- testing pattern in children infected with theSARS-CoV2 virus and admitted to a hospital in Jordan. METHODS: The study is a retrospective chart review of patients admitted between 16 March and 23 April 2020. All infected children in Jordan were hospitalised. Serial RT-PCR testing was undertaken 7 days after the first test and then on alternate days until discharge. The association between patient symptoms and laboratory results and whether there was a statistically significant median difference in the number of days until negative RT-PCR results between patients was studied. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients with positive SARS-CoV2 swabs were admitted, 34 (55.7%) of whom were symptomatic. The most common symptom was nasal congestion (21/61, 34.3%), followed by generalised malaise and headache (12/6, 19.7%). A rash was detected in 5/61 (8.2%) of them. Fifty-five patients (90.1%) underwent investigations: 4 (7.4%) of them had lymphopenia, 4 (7.4%) had eosinopenia, 8 (14.5%) had eosinophilia, and platelets were elevated in 5 (9.1%) children. CRP was measured in 33/61 (54.1%) patients and all were normal. ESR levels were available for 11/61 (18%) patients and were elevated in 5 (45.5%). There was a statistically significant association between laboratory results and symptom expression (p = 0.011). The longest time until the first negative RT-PCR result was 39 days. CONCLUSION: All children admitted who tested positive for SARS-CoV2 had mild symptoms and five had cutaneous manifestations. RT-PCR may remain positive for over one month.
Long, thin transmission chains of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) may go undetected for several weeks at low to moderate reproductive numbers: Implications for containment and elimination strategy	Killeen,  GerryF	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Transmission	Article presents a deterministic mathematical model to outline how the lower population-wide mean clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections allows long, thin transmission chains to extend for several weeks without being detected through conventional, passive surveillance of self-reporting symptomatic cases. It discusses implications related to these covert transmission chains.
Discordant anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RNA staining in cutaneous perniotic lesions suggests endothelial deposition of cleaved spike protein	Ko,  CJ,  Harigopal, et al	J Cutan Pathol	Clinical data| Données cliniques	BACKGROUND: Prior studies have shown the presence of immunohistochemical staining for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) in endothelial cells and eccrine epithelium of acral perniosis classified as "COVID toes". Yet, other studies have been unable to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in skin biopsies of "COVID toes" by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing. OBJECTIVE: In order to address these apparently conflicting findings, we compared detection of SARS-CoV-2 SP, through RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) vs immunohistochemistry (IHC), in skin biopsies of acral perniotic lesions presenting during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Three of six cases showed positive immunohistochemical labeling of endothelial cells, with 1 of 3 cases with sufficient depth also having labeling of eccrine glands, using an anti-SP SARS-CoV-2 antibody. These three cases positive with IHC were negative for SP by RNA ISH. CONCLUSION: While the gold standard for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in tissue sections has yet to be determined, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 SP alone without spike RNA suggests cleaved SP may be present in cutaneous endothelial cells and eccrine epithelium, providing a potential pathogenetic mechanism of COVID-19 endotheliitis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Vapur: A Search Engine to Find Related Protein - Compound Pairs in COVID-19 Literature	Köksal,  Abdullatif,  Dönmez, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) created dire consequences globally and triggered an enormous scientific effort from different domains. Resulting publications formed a gigantic domain-specific collection of text in which finding studies on a biomolecule of interest is quite challenging for general purpose search engines due to terminology-rich characteristics of the publications. Here, we present Vapur, an online COVID-19 search engine specifically designed for finding related protein - chemical pairs. Vapur is empowered with a biochemically related entities-oriented inverted index in order to group studies relevant to a biomolecule with respect to its related entities. The inverted index of Vapur is automatically created with a BioNLP pipeline and integrated with an online user interface. The online interface is designed for the smooth traversal of the current literature and is publicly available at https://tabilab.cmpe.boun.edu.tr/vapur/.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Coronavirus Diseases 2019 Patients with Different Severity	Kowitdamrong,  Ekasit,  Puthanakit, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	Background: More understanding of antibody responses in the SARS-CoV-2 infected population is useful for vaccine development. Aim: To investigate SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG among COVID-19 Thai patients with different severity. Methods: We used plasma from 118 adult patients who have confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 49 patients under investigation without infection, 20 patients with other respiratory infections, and 102 healthy controls. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from Euroimmun. The optical density ratio cut off for positive test was 1.1 for IgA and 0.8 for IgG. The association of antibody response with the severity of diseases and the day of symptoms was performed. Results: From Mar 10 to May 31, 2020, 289 participants were enrolled, and 384 samples were analyzed. Patients were categorized by clinical manifestations to mild (n=59), moderate (n=27) and severe (n=32). The overall sensitivity of IgA and IgG from samples collected after day 7 is 87.9% (95% CI 79.8-93.6) and 84.8% (95% CI 76.2-91.3), respectively. The severe group had a significantly higher level of specific IgA and IgG to S1 antigen compared to the mild group. All moderate to severe patients have specific IgG while 20% of the mild group did not have any IgG detected after two weeks. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 IgG level was significantly higher in males compared to females among the severe group (p=0.003). Conclusion: The serologic test for SARS-CoV-2 has high sensitivity after the second week after onset of illness. Serological response differs among patients with different severity and different sex.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by funding to support Biobank from Ratchadapisek Sompoch Fund, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University. We would like to thank the health care team for at King Chulalongkorn Memorial hospital, Thai Red Cross, particularly Dr. Kampol Suwanpimolkul, Dr. Leilanee Paitoonpong, and Dr. Suvaporn Anulgulreungkitt. Special thanks for the advice from Dr. Parvapan Bhattarakosol and statistical analysis by Miss Jiratchaya Sophonphan.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Faculty of Medicine (IRB number 242/63) and National Blood Center, Thai Red Cross Society (COA No. NBC 5/2020).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll the data was presented in the manuscript.
Covid 19 and orthopaedic surgery in a large trauma centre in India	Kumar,  Kannan Karuppiah,  Chandy, et al	medRxiv	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Background - We are in the midst of a pandemic caused by the novel SARS-Cov-2 virus. A large percentage of the patients are asymptomatic and hospitals around the world are struggling to restart routine services. We report the results of a universal testing protocol of all patients who underwent orthopaedic surgery in the month of July 2020 in a large orthopaedic speciality hospital in Bangalore, India. Methods - A retrospective study of all patients who underwent orthopaedic surgery in the month of July 2020 at a tertiary care orthopaedic speciality hospital in Bangalore, India. All patients underwent nasopharyngeal swab test before surgery. A questionnaire was used to assess the patient before the RT-PCR nasopharyngeal swab test. Data regarding imaging, investigations and follow up was recorded. Results - In the month of July 2020, 168 patients underwent routine nasopharyngeal RT -PCR swab test for COVID - 19 prior to planned orthopaedic surgical procedure (Both trauma and elective cases). 16 of the RT-PCR tests were positive. However vascular cases and absolute emergencies were done without a RT -PCR test with PPE and all universal precautions. 11 patients underwent emergency surgery without a RT-PCR test. All 16 cases who were positive were asymptomatic. The asymptomatic positive rate was 9.52%. Of the 11 patients who underwent emergency surgery without a RT-PCR test, only one patient had a positive test post - operatively. Conclusions - Routine nasopharyngeal RT-PCR testing revealed a high rate of asymptomatic cases. If the RT-PCR test is positive, it is best to defer the case till the test returns negative. All precautions must be taken while performing emergency surgeries. Our algorithm in managing patients has proven to be effective and can be replicated with ease to continue operating and taking care of orthopaedic patients during this pandemic.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNoneAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethics board approval was obtained.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data is available
Molecular Binding Mechanism and Pharmacology Comparative Analysis of Noscapine for Repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 Protease	Kumar,  N,  Sood, et al	J Proteome Res	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Originating in the city of Wuhan in China in December 2019, COVID-19 has emerged now as a global health emergency with a high number of deaths worldwide. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus, referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in pandemic conditions around the globe. We are in the battleground to fight against the virus by rapidly developing therapeutic strategies in tackling SARS-CoV-2 and saving human lives from COVID-19. Scientists are evaluating several known drugs either for the pathogen or the host; however, many of them are reported to be associated with side effects. In the present study, we report the molecular binding mechanisms of the natural alkaloid, noscapine, for repurposing against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, a key enzyme involved in its reproduction. We performed the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an explicit solvent to investigate the molecular mechanisms of noscapine for stable binding and conformational changes to the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. The drug repurposing study revealed the high potential of noscapine and proximal binding to the Mpro enzyme in a comparative binding pattern analyzed with chloroquine, ribavirin, and favipiravir. Noscapine binds closely to binding pocket-3 of the Mpro enzyme and depicted stable binding with RMSD 0.1-1.9 Å and RMSF profile peak conformational fluctuations at 202-306 residues, and a Rg score ranging from 21.9 to 22.4 Å. The MM/PB (GB) SA calculation landscape revealed the most significant contribution in terms of binding energy with ΔPB -19.08 and ΔGB -27.17 kcal/mol. The electrostatic energy distribution in MM energy was obtained to be -71.16 kcal/mol and depicted high free energy decomposition (electrostatic energy) at 155-306 residues (binding pocket-3) of Mpro by a MM force field. Moreover, the dynamical residue cross-correlation map also stated that the high pairwise correlation occurred at binding residues 200-306 of the Mpro enzyme (binding pocket-3) with noscapine. Principal component analysis depicted the enhanced movement of protein atoms with a high number of static hydrogen bonds. The obtained binding results of noscapine were also well correlated with the pharmacokinetic parameters of antiviral drugs.
Assessment of clinical features and renal functions in Coronavirus disease-19: A retrospective analysis of 96 patients	Kutluhan,  MA,  Taş, et al	Int J Clin Pract	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	BACKGROUND: The most common extra pulmonary organ dysfunction in acute respiratory distress syndrome is acute kidney injury. Current data so far indicate low incidence of AKI in Covid-19 disease. OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, we analysed the clinical features of patients diagnosed with Covid-19 and investigated the effect of Covid-19 on kidney function. METHODS: Ninety-six patients diagnosed with Covid-19 were included in our study. Demographic features (Age, gender, co-morbidities), symptoms, thorax CT findings, Covid-19 PCR results and laboratory findings were recorded. The clinical features of the patients were analysed and kidney function values before Covid-19 diagnosis were compared with kidney function values after Covid-19 diagnosis. RESULTS: Most presenting symptom was fever (51%). Most accompanying co-morbidity was hypertension (56%). According to laboratory findings; ferritin, D-dimer and C-reactive protein levels were statistically significantly higher in ARDS group than severe pneumonia and pneumonia group (P = .002, P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). Also lymphocyte levels were statistically significantly lower in ARDS group than severe pneumonia and pneumonia group (P = .042). According to KDIGO criteria 3 (3.1%) patients had AKI during the hospital stay. For all patients, there was statistically significant difference between basal, 1st, 5th and 10th day BUN and SCr levels (P = .024 and P = .018, respectively). For severe pneumonia group there was statistically significant difference between basal, 1st, 5th and 10th day SCr levels (P = .045). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that Covid-19 can cause renal impairment both with pneumonia and ARDS. A large-scale prospective randomised studies are needed to reach final judgement about this topic.
Characteristics of Acute Stroke in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Challenges in Stroke Management during an Epidemic	Kwon,  DH,  Do, et al	J Korean Med Sci	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic infection associated with high morbidity and mortality. The Korean city of Daegu endured the first large COVID-19 outbreak outside of China. Since the report of the first confirmed case in Daegu on February 18, 2020, a total of 6,880 patients have been reported until May 29, 2020. We experienced five patients with ischemic stroke and COVID-19 during this period in four tertiary hospitals in Daegu. The D-dimer levels were high in all three patients in whom D-dimer blood testing was performed. Multiple embolic infarctions were observed in three patients and suspected in one. The mean time from stroke symptom onset to emergency room arrival was 22 hours. As a result, acute treatment for ischemic stroke was delayed. The present case series report raises the possibility that the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 causes or worsens stroke, perhaps by inducing inflammation. The control of COVID-19 is very important; however, early and proper management of stroke should not be neglected during the epidemic.
COVID-19 Preprints and Their Publishing Rate: An Improved Method	Lachapelle,  Francois	medRxiv	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Context: As the COVID-19 pandemic persists around the world, the scientific community continues to produce and circulate knowledge on the deadly disease at an unprecedented rate. During the early stage of the pandemic, preprints represented nearly 40% of all English-language COVID-19 scientific corpus (6, 000+ preprints | 16, 000+ articles). As of mid-August 2020, that proportion dropped to around 28% (13, 000+ preprints | 49, 000+ articles). Nevertheless, preprint servers remain a key engine in the efficient dissemination of scientific work on this infectious disease. But, giving the uncertified nature of the scientific manuscripts curated on preprint repositories, their integration to the global ecosystem of scientific communication is not without creating serious tensions. This is especially the case for biomedical knowledge since the dissemination of bad science can have widespread societal consequences. Scope: In this paper, I propose a robust method that will allow the repeated monitoring and measuring of COVID-19 preprint's publication rate. I also introduce a new API called Upload-or-Perish. It is a micro-API service that enables a client to query a specific preprint manuscript's publication status and associated meta-data using a unique ID. This tool is in active development. Data: I use Covid-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) to calculate COVID-19 preprint corpus' conversion rate to peer-reviewed articles. CORD-19 dataset includes preprints from arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv. Methods: I utilize conditional fuzzy logic on article titles to determine if a preprint has a published counterpart version in the database. My approach is an important departure from previous studies that rely exclusively on bioRxiv API to ascertain preprints' publication status. This is problematic since the level of false positives in bioRxiv metadata could be as high as 37%. Findings: My analysis reveals that around 15% of COVID-19 preprint manuscripts in CORD-19 dataset that were uploaded on from arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv between January and early August 2020 were published in a peer-reviewed venue. When compared to the most recent measure available, this represents a two-fold increase in a period of two months. My discussion review and theorize on the potential explanations for COVID-19 preprints' low conversion rate.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe author received no funding for this work.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This research is not require any approval or exemption from any IRB/oversight body at my home institution.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesI use Covid-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) to calculate COVID-19 preprint corpus' conversion rate to peer-reviewed articles. Arguably the most ambitious bibliometric COVID-19 project, CORD-19 is the collaborative effort between the Allen Institute for AI and half a dozen organizations including NIH and the White House (for more details, see Wang et al., 2020). This is an open-source dataset. I als used bioRxiv API pipeline to determine if COVID-19 preprints were associated with a peer-review final counterpart. I also scraped pubmed and pmc NIH's websites for the same purpose. Finally, I use the Python 'wrapper' package "arxiv" to query arXiv aPI to, again, determine if certain COVID-19 arXiv preprints had also been a published peer-reviewed journal. https://www.kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challengehttps://api.biorxiv.org/details/biorxiv/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/https://github.com/titipata/arxivpy
An Early Pandemic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Population Structure and Dynamics in Arizona	Ladner,  JT,  Larsen, et al	mBio	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	In December of 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, causing severe morbidity and mortality. Since then, the virus has swept across the globe, causing millions of confirmed infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths. To better understand the nature of the pandemic and the introduction and spread of the virus in Arizona, we sequenced viral genomes from clinical samples tested at the TGen North Clinical Laboratory, the Arizona Department of Health Services, and those collected as part of community surveillance projects at Arizona State University and the University of Arizona. Phylogenetic analysis of 84 genomes from across Arizona revealed a minimum of 11 distinct introductions inferred to have occurred during February and March. We show that >80% of our sequences descend from strains that were initially circulating widely in Europe but have since dominated the outbreak in the United States. In addition, we show that the first reported case of community transmission in Arizona descended from the Washington state outbreak that was discovered in late February. Notably, none of the observed transmission clusters are epidemiologically linked to the original travel-related case in the state, suggesting successful early isolation and quarantine. Finally, we use molecular clock analyses to demonstrate a lack of identifiable, widespread cryptic transmission in Arizona prior to the middle of February 2020.IMPORTANCE As the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the United States, there was great differential impact on local and regional communities. One of the earliest and hardest hit regions was in New York, while at the same time Arizona (for example) had low incidence. That situation has changed dramatically, with Arizona now having the highest rate of disease increase in the country. Understanding the roots of the pandemic during the initial months is essential as the pandemic continues and reaches new heights. Genomic analysis and phylogenetic modeling of SARS-COV-2 in Arizona can help to reconstruct population composition and predict the earliest undetected introductions. This foundational work represents the basis for future analysis and understanding as the pandemic continues.
Viable virus aerosol propagation by PAP circuit leak and mitigation with a ventilated patient hood: a model for improving health care worker safety in the COVID-19 pandemic	Landry,  ShaneA,  Barr, et al	medRxiv	Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI)	Background: Nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging evidence suggests patients auto-emit aerosols containing viable respiratory viruses. These aerosols could be further propagated when patients undergo certain treatments including continuous positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. This study aimed to assess the degree of viable virus propagated from mask leak in a PAP circuit and the mitigation of virus propagation by an air filter combined with a plastic canopy. Methods: Bacteriophage PhiX174 (108copies/mL) was nebulised into a custom PAP circuit within a non-vented clinical room. Mask leak was systematically varied to allow 0, 7, 21, 28 and 42 L/min at the mask interface. Plates containing Escherichia coli host assessed the degree of viable virus (via plaque forming unit) settling on surfaces around the room. In order to contain virus spread, the efficacy of a simple, low-cost ventilated headboard, created from a plastic tarpaulin hood and a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter was tested. Findings: Increasing mask leak was associated with virus contamination in a dose response manner (chisquared=58.24, df=4, p21 L/min) were associated with virus counts equivalent to using PAP with a standard vented mask. The highest frequency of viruses was detected on surfaces 1m from the leak source, however, viable viruses were recorded on all plates (up to 3.86m from source). A plastic hood with HEPA filtration significantly reduced viable viruses on all plates. HEPA exchange rates of 170 and 470m3/hr eradicated all evidence of virus contamination. Interpretation: Mask leak from PAP circuits may be a major source of environmental contamination and nosocomial spread of infectious respiratory diseases. Subclinical levels of leak should be treated as an infectious risk. Cheap and low-cost patient hoods with HEPA filtration are an effective countermeasure.Competing Interest StatementGSH and DM have received equipment to support research from ResMed, Philips Respironics and Air Liquide Healthcare. BAE has received funding from Apnimed. BAE is supported by a Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship (101167). SAJ is supported by a NHMRC early career fellowship (1139745). JJB is supported by NHMRC New Investigator grant (1156588).Funding StatementThis work was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (1139745).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Monash Health Human Research Ethics panel.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data referred to in the manuscript is available on request.
Thirty-six COVID-19 cases preventively vaccinated with mumps-measles-rubella vaccine: all mild course	Larenas-Linnemann,  D,  Rodríguez-Monroy, et al	Allergy	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Authors report clinical observations in 255 subjects, vaccinated in their centre, since  the  start  of  the  Coronavirus  disease-2019  (COVID-19)  pandemic,  with  the  mumps-measles-rubella (MMR) vaccine and of whom thirty-six have presented COVID-19, all with a remarkably mild course.
Characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU in a tertiary hospital in Stockholm, Sweden	Larsson,  E,  Brattström, et al	Acta Anaesthesiol Scand	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	BACKGROUND: Information on characteristics and outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with COVID-19 remains limited. We examined characteristics, clinical course and early outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU. METHODS: We included all 260 patients with COVID-19 admitted to 9 ICUs at the Karolinska University Hospital (Stockholm, Sweden) between March 9 and April 20, 2020. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality among patients with definite outcomes (discharged from ICU or death), as of April 30, 2020 (study end point). Secondary outcomes included ICU length of stay, the proportion of patients receiving mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy, and hospital discharge destination. RESULTS: Of 260 ICU patients with COVID-19, 208 (80.0%) were men, the median age was 59 (IQR 51-65) years, 154 (59.2%) had at least one comorbidity, and the median duration of symptoms preceding ICU admission was 11 (IQR 8-14) days. Sixty-two (23.8%) patients remained in ICU at study end point. Among the 198 patients with definite outcomes, ICU length of stay was 12 (IQR, 6-18) days, 163 (82.3%) received mechanical ventilation, 28 (14.1%) received renal replacement therapy, 60 (30.3%) died, 62 (31.3%) were discharged home, 47 (23.7%) were discharged to ward, and 29 (14.6%) were discharged to another health care facility. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, older age and admission from the emergency department was associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSION: This study presents detailed data on clinical characteristics and early outcomes of consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU in a large tertiary hospital in Sweden.
Immunological characteristics govern the changing severity of COVID-19 during the transition to endemicity	Lavine,  JennieS,  Bjornstad, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Immunology | Immunologie	Our analysis of immunological and epidemiological data on HCoVs shows that infection-blocking immunity wanes rapidly, but disease-reducing immunity is long-lived. We estimate the relevant parameters and incorporate them into a new epidemiological model framework which separates these different components of immunity. Our model recapitulates both the current severity of CoV-2 and the relatively benign nature of HCoVs; suggesting that once the endemic phase is reached, CoV-2 may be no more virulent than the common cold. The benign outcome at the endemic phase is contingent on the virus causing primary infections in children. We predict a very different outcome were a CoV like MERS (that causes severe disease in children) to become endemic. These results force us to re-evaluate control measures that rely on identifying and isolating symptomatic infections, and reconsider ideas regarding herd immunity and the use of immune individuals as shields to protect vulnerable groups.
Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consequences of Parental Job Loss on Psychological and Physical Abuse Towards Children	Lawson,  M,  Piel, et al	Child Abuse Negl	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The current study investigated factors associated with child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic, including parental job loss, and whether cognitive reframing moderated associations between job loss and child maltreatment. Parents who lost their jobs (OR = 4.86, 95% CI [1.19, 19.91], p = .03), were more depressed (OR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.02, 1.08], p < .01), and previously psychologically maltreated their children (OR = 111.94, 95% CI [28.54, 439.01], p < .001) were more likely to psychologically maltreat during the pandemic. Regarding physical abuse, a significant interaction between job loss and reframing coping emerged (OR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.59, 0.99], p = .04). Among parents who lost their jobs, the probability of physical abuse decreased as reframing coping increased.
Higher psychogeriatric admissions in COVID-19 than in SARS	Lee,  ATC,  Mo, et al	Int J Geriatr Psychiatry	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This study examines whether psychogeriatric admissions increased after COVID-19, independent of seasonal variation; whether the increase was comparable with that seen in SARS; and which factors were associated with such increase. Psychogeriatric admissions increased by 21.4% following the COVID‐19 outbreak. This increase was not explained by seasonal variation, and was greater and lasted longer than that in SARS. A rising trend in admissions for older adults living in residential care homes was observed. The increase in admissions was associated with fewer outpatient attendance, fewer home visits by nurses, and more older adults with dementia requiring inpatient care.
Characteristics of Ocular Manifestations of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Daegu Province, Korea	Lee,  YH,  Kim, et al	J Korean Med Sci	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study examines ocular manifestations of COVID-19 patients in Korea. Symptoms of positive upper respiratory infection and lower creatine phosphokinase were determined to be related to positive ocular symptoms. Conjunctival congestion was noted in seven patients. In the subgroup analysis, the conjunctival congestion-positive patients exhibited higher positivity of upper respiratory infection symptoms (100%) as compared with those in the negative group (40%, P = 0.017)
Liver injury in patients with COVID-19: clinical profiles, CT findings, the correlation of the severity with liver injury	Lei,  P,  Zhang, et al	Hepatol Int	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The aim of our study is to determine clinical profiles of the patients based on severity grading, describe abdominal radiological signs, and investigate the correlations of the severity with clinical profiles and radiological signs. Common clinical manifestations of patients with COVID-19 were fever (68.70%), cough (56.52%), fatigue (31.30%); some of them had gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, 12.17%; nausea or vomiting 7.83%; inappetence, 7.83%). Abnormal liver function was observed in some of patients with COVID-19. Significant differences in the levels of AST, albumin,CRP were observed among different groups classified by the severity. Common findings of upper abdominal CT scan were liver hypodensity (26.09%) and pericholecystic fat stranding (21.27%); liver hypodensity was more frequently found in critical cases (58.82%). The severity of COVID-19 correlated with semi-quantitative CT score of pulmonary lesions, CT-quantified liver/spleen attenuation ratio in patients with COVID-19.
Genomic diversity and evolution of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in France from 309 COVID-19-infected patients	Levasseur,  Anthony,  Delerce, et al	bioRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Clinical outcomes of the 309 COVID-19-infected patients were investigated according to the mutational signatures of viral variants. These findings highlight the genome dynamics of the coronavirus 2019-20 and shed light on the mutational landscape and evolution of this virus. Inclusion of the French cohort enabled us to identify 161 novel mutations never reported in SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected worldwide.
Factors associated with the psychological well-being among front-line nurses exposed to COVID-2019 in China: A predictive study	Li,  X,  Zhou, et al	J Nurs Manag	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This study evaluates the psychological well‐being and factors associated to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among front‐line nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Of a total 356 front‐line nurses, stress level and the prevalence of PTSD were significantly increased after they worked at COVID‐19 units. Nurses who had work experience less than 2 years was significantly associated with a high risk of developing PTSD. Nurses who worked in COVID‐19 inpatients wards had significantly higher odds of being PTSD (Odds Ratio [OR]=21.9, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 5.08; 94.5) than those who worked in other COVID‐19 related units. Resilience was negatively associated with PTSD (OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.93; 0.99).
The value of lymphocyte count in determining the severity of COVID-19 and estimating the time for nucleic acid test results to turn negative	Li,  Y,  Yang, et al	Bosn J Basic Med Sci	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Our aim was to investigate the value of lymphocyte count in determining COVID-19 severity and estimating the time for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test results to turn negative. The lymphocyte count of critically ill patients was lower than of severely ill patients. It was found that lymphocyte count could be an effective indicator to predict COVID-19 severity. It may also be useful in determining the time for nucleic acid test results to turn negative in COVID-19 patients with underlying chronic diseases or male COVID-19 patients with severe and critical conditions.
GC usage of SARS-CoV-2 genes might adapt to the environment of human lung expressed genes	Li,  Y,  Yang, et al	Mol Genet Genomics	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Our study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 might have adapted to the human lung environment by observing the high correlation between GC usage of SARS-CoV-2 and human lung genes, which suggests the GC content of SARS-CoV-2 is optimized to take advantage of human lung tissues.
Clustering analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism data reveals population structure of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide	Li,  Yawei,  Liu, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	In this study, using the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the viral sequences as input features, we utilized three clustering algorithms, namely K-means, hierarchical clustering and balanced iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies to partition the viral sequences into six major clusters. Comparison of the three clustering results reveals that the three methods produced highly consistent results, but K-means performed best and produced the smallest intra-cluster pairwise genetic distances among the three methods. The partition of the viral sequences revealed that the six clusters differed in their geographical distributions. Using comprehensive approaches to compare the diversity and selective pressure across the clusters, we discovered a high genetic diversity between the clusters. Based on characteristics of the mutation profiles in each cluster along with their geographical distributions and evolutionary histories, we identified the extent of molecular divergence within and between the clusters. The identification of the mutations that are strongly associated with clusters have potential implications for diagnosis and pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition, the clustering method will enable further study of variant population structures in specific regions of these fast-growing viruses.
Effectiveness of Localized Lockdowns in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic	Li,  Yige,  Undurraga, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Using an integrated dataset from Chile, we estimated the direct and indirect (spillover) causal effects of localized lockdowns on SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our results show that the effectiveness of localized lockdowns is strongly modulated by duration and is affected by spillover effects from neighboring geographic areas. Our projections suggest that extending localized lockdowns will slow down the epidemic. However, by themselves, localized lockdowns will be unable to control epidemic growth due to spillovers from neighboring areas with high interdependencies, unless those contiguous areas also implement lockdowns.
Patient-reported Disease Activity in an Axial Spondyloarthritis Cohort during the COVID-19 Pandemic	Liew,  JW,  Castillo, et al	ACR Open Rheumatol	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The aim of this study is to examine whether stress, anxiety, and depression are associated with patient-reported disease activity, after accounting for important factors. After adjustment for potential confounders, those with higher levels of stress had a statistically significant 0.54-point higher BASDAI, on average, compared with those with lower levels of stress (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11, 0.97). Those with higher levels of anxiety also had a statistically significant higher BASDAI, on average, compared with those with lower levels of anxiety (β: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.99). The association between depression and BASDAI was not statistically significant. We did not find differences in these associations among subgroups of age, job status, or county of residence.Individuals with axSpA with higher levels of stress and anxiety had significantly higher disease activity levels, although with a difference below clinical importance.
Mendelian randomization analysis identified genes pleiotropically associated with the risk and prognosis of COVID-19	Liu,  Di,  Yang, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We applied the summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) method to identify genes that were pleiotropically associated with the risk and various outcomes of COVID-19, including severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 and hospitalized COVID-19.  In blood, we identified 2 probes, ILMN_1765146 and ILMN_1791057 tagging IFNAR2, that showed pleiotropic association with hospitalized COVID-19 (Beta; [SE]=0.42 [0.09], P=4.75E-06 and Beta; [SE]=-0.48 [0.11], P=6.76E-06, respectively). Although no other probes were significant after correction for multiple testing in both blood and lung, multiple genes as tagged by the top 5 probes were involved in inflammation or antiviral immunity, and several other tagged genes, such as PON2 and HPS5, were involved in blood coagulation.
Clinical Analysis of Neonates Born to Mothers with or without COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis of 48 Cases from Two Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Hubei Province	Liu,  W,  Cheng, et al	Am J Perinatol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study aimed to compare the differences in clinical manifestation, laboratory results, and outcomes of neonates born to mothers with or without coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The deliveries occurred in a negative pressure isolation room, and the neonates were separated from their mothers immediately after birth for further observation and treatment. None of the neonates showed any signs of fever, cough, dyspnea, or diarrhea. SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of the throat swab and feces samples from the neonates in all three groups was negative. No differences were detected in the whole blood cell, lymphocytes, platelet, and liver and renal function among the three groups. All mothers and their infants showed satisfactory outcomes, including a 28-week preterm infant.
Estimating COVID-19 hospital demand using a non-parametric model: a case study in Galicia (Spain)	López-Cheda,  Ana,  Jácome, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Using real-time surveillance data from the first weeks of the COVID-19 epidemic in Galicia (Spain), we aimed to model the time-to-event and event probabilities of patients hospitalized, without parametric priors and adjusting for individual covariates. We showed that the proposed model outperformed standard approaches, providing more accurate ICU and hospital ward length-of-stay estimates. Finally, we applied our model estimates to simulate COVID-19 hospital demand using a Monte Carlo algorithm. We provided evidence that adjusting for sex, generally overlooked in prediction models, together with age is key for accurately forecasting ICU occupancy, as well as discharge or death outcomes.
High-Dose Corticosteroid Pulse Therapy Increases the Survival Rate in COVID-19 Patients at Risk of Cytokine Storm	López-Zúñiga,  Miguel Ángel,  Moreno-Moral, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	We carried out a quasi-experimental study to test whether high dose corticosteroid pulse therapy with either dexametaxona or methylprednisolone were associated with reduced mortality in patients at risk of cytokine storm and assess which laboratory markers can be used to pre-select these patients. Preventing and/or controlling the development of the cytokine storm in patients at high-inflammatory risk with HDCPT is a widely available therapy to increase survival rate in these patients. We estimate a 14.2% [95% CI 0.792 - 0.975] increase of survival rate. We also suggest some initial clinical variables that can aid with the identification of the patients who will benefit from this intervention.
College campuses and COVID-19 mitigation: clinical and economic value	Losina,  Elena,  Leifer, et al	medRxiv	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Economics | Économie	We examined the clinical and economic value of different COVID-19 mitigation strategies on college campuses. Findings show that extensive social distancing with mandatory mask-wearing could prevent 87% of COVID-19 cases on college campuses and be very cost-effective. Routine laboratory testing would prevent 96% of infections and require low cost tests to be economically attractive.
MicroRNAs targeting the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 in cardiomyocytes	Lu,  D,  Chatterjee, et al	J Mol Cell Cardiol	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	In this study, we aimed to explore if there are microRNA (miRNA) molecules which target ACE2 and which may be exploited to regulate the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Our data reveal that both Ace2 mRNA and Ace2 protein levels are inhibited by miR-200c in rat primary cardiomyocytes and importantly, in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. We report the first miRNA candidate that can target ACE2 in cardiomyocytes and thus may be exploited as a preventive strategy to treat cardiovascular complications of COVID-19.
COVID-19 impact on neurosurgical practice: lockdown attitude and experience of a European academic center	Lubansu,  A,  Assamadi, et al	World Neurosurg	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Different models of reorganization have been described aiming to preserve resources while ensuring optimal medical care. limited clinical neurosurgical experience including COVID-19 patients have been reported. We share organizational experience, attitudes, and preliminary data of patients treated at our institution. Patients initially admitted to the neurosurgical ward were less likely to be suspected for a COVID-19 infection when compared to patients admitted for critical emergencies, particularly with neurovascular and stroke-related pathologies. The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients was remarkably high (45%), and even higher in patients that underwent surgical intervention (77 %). In addition to the expected drop in surgical activity (-53%), a decrease in traumatic emergencies was noted.
The association between frailty and severe disease among COVID-19 patients aged over 60 years in China: a prospective cohort study	Ma,  Y,  Hou, et al	BMC Med	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The aim of our study is to investigate the association between frailty and severe disease among COVID-19 patients aged ≥ 60 years. During the 60 days of follow-up, 43 severe diseases occurred including eight deaths. Four of 39 (10.3%) non-frail patients, 15 of 39 (38.5%) pre-frail patients, and 24 of 36 (66.7%) frail patients progressed to severe disease. After adjustment of age, sex, body mass index, haemoglobin, white blood count, lymphocyte count, albumin, CD8+ count, D-dimer, and C-reactive protein, frailty (HR = 7.47, 95% CI 1.73–32.34, P = 0.007) and pre-frailty (HR = 5.01, 95% CI 1.16–21.61, P = 0.03) were associated with a higher hazard of severe disease than the non-frail.
In Silico Drug Repurposing for SARS-CoV-2 Main Proteinase and Spike Proteins	Maffucci,  I,  Contini, et al	J Proteome Res	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	In this work, we used virtual screening to facilitate drug repurposing against SARS-CoV-2, targeting viral main proteinase and spike protein with 3000 existing drugs. We used a protocol based on a docking step followed by a short molecular dynamic simulation and rescoring by the Nwat-MMGBSA approach. Our results provide suggestions for prioritizing in vitro and/or in vivo tests of already available compounds.
PMC7451055; The impacts of COVID-19 on the global airline industry: An event study approach	Maneenop,  S,  Kotcharin, et al	J Air Transp Manag	Economics | Économie	This study examines the short-term impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on 52 listed airline companies around the world by using event study methodology. The results demonstrate that airline stock returns decline more significantly than the market returns after three major COVID-19 announcements were made. Overall, investors react differently during the three selected events. The strongest overreaction is noted in the post-event period of the World Health Organization's and President Trump's official announcements. Moreover, the findings confirm that traders in Western countries are more responsive to recent information than the rest of the world. The findings call for immediate policy designs in order to alleviate the impact of the pandemic in the airline industry around the globe.
A study of universal SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing of residents and staff in a large group of care homes in South London	Marossy,  A,  Rakowicz, et al	J Infect Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	However, up to May 2020, there has been a lack of information about the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents and staff in care homes and limited testing in this setting. Overall, the point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 6.5% with a higher rate in residents (9.0%) than in staff (4.7%). A key finding was the high proportion of asymptomatic infection detected in staff (69%) and residents (51%) with evidence of under-detection of symptoms by care home staff.
The association between COVID-19 and preterm delivery: A cohort study with a multivariate analysis	Martinez Perez,  Oscar,  Prats Rodriguez, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This study determines whether SARS CoV 2 exposure in pregnancy, compared to non exposure, is associated with infection related obstetric morbidity. Compared to non exposure, COVID 19 exposure increased the odds of preterm birth (34 vs 51, 13.8% vs 6.7%, aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.32 3.36, p=0.002), premature rupture of membranes at term (39 vs 75, % vs 9.8%, aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.11 2.57, p=0.013) and neonatal intensive care unit admissions (23 vs 18, 9.3% vs 2.4%, aOR 4.62, 95% CI 2.43 8.94, p<0.001).
PMC7462756; COVID's Impact on Radiation Oncology: A Latin American Survey Study	Martinez,  D,  Sarria, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latin American radiation therapy services has not yet been widely assessed. In comparison to centers in Europe or the United States, the scarcity of data on these terms might impair design of adequate measures to ameliorate the pandemic’s potential damage. The first survey-based analysis revealing regional information is herein presented. Only 2.6% of centers closed during the pandemic. A median of 4 radiation oncologists (1-27) and 9 (1-100) radiation therapists were reported per center. The median number of new patients treated in 2019 was 600 (24-6200). A median 8% (1%-90%) decrease in patient volume was reported, with a median of 53 patients (1-490) remaining under treatment. Estimated revenue reduction was 20% or more in 53% of cases. Shortage of personal protective equipment was reported in 51.3% of centers, and 27% reported personnel shortage due to COVID-19. Reported delays in treatment for low-risk entities included early stage breast cancer (42.6%), low-risk status prostate cancer (67%), and nonmalignant conditions (42.6%). Treatment of COVID-19 patients at designated treatment times and differentiated bunkers were reported in 22.6% and 10.4% of centers, respectively. Telehealth initiatives have been started in 64.3% of facilities to date for on-treatment (29.6%) and posttreatment (34.8%) patients.
PMC7467653; Predicting Health Care Workers' Tolerance of Personal Protective Equipment: An Observational Simulation Study	Martín-Rodríguez,  F,  Sanz-García, et al	Clin Simul Nurs	Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI) Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The main objective of this study was to develop a risk model to predict whether health care workers will tolerate wearing PPE, C category, 4B/5B/6B type, during a 30-minute simulation. Half the sample presented metabolic fatigue in the 20 minutes after finishing the simulation. The predictive model included female sex, height, muscle and bone mass, and moderate level of physical activity. The validity of the main model using all the variables presented an area under the curve of 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.786–0.935), and the validity of the model had an area under the curve of 0.725 (95% confidence interval: 0.559–0.89).
Impact of societal restrictions and lockdown on Trauma admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A single centre cross-sectional observational study	Med,  SJB,  Mwagiru, et al	ANZ J Surg	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	We assessed the impact of COVID‐19 related societal restrictions and lockdown on trauma admissions to single Level 1 Trauma Center in Westmead, Australia. We hypothesized that the number of trauma admissions would decrease and number of admissions due to self‐harm and assault (specifically domestic violence) would increase. There was a 23‐34% decrease (p value 0.018) in the mean monthly average trauma admissions during March/April 2020 compared with previous years 2016‐2019. Additionally, there was a 40‐52% decrease (p value 0.025) and 13‐29% decrease (p value 0.020) in admissions due to road traffic collisions and falls respectively.
Health professionals practice and associated factors towards precautionary measures for COVID-19 pandemic in public health facilities of Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study	Mersha,  Abera,  Shibiru, et al	medRxiv	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	In this cross-sectional study, 428 health professionals were involved from the public health facilities of the Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia. In this study, 35·3% (95%CI: 30·7%, 39·8%) of health professionals′ had a good practice on precautionary measures for the COVID-19 pandemic. Use hand sanitizer or wash hands continuously with soap and water (68·9%), cover nose and mouth with a tissue during sneezing or coughing (67·3%), and use facemask in crowds (56·8%) were the most common practice reported by study participants. Marital status, being married (AOR=1·84, 95%CI: 1·06, 3.18), good knowledge on the COVID-19 pandemic (AOR=2·02, 95%CI: 1·02, 3·18), and positive attitude towards precautionary measures for COVID-19 were factors showed signification association with the practice.
Disproportionate burden of coronavirus disease 2019 among racial minorities and those in congregate settings among a large cohort of people with HIV	Meyerowitz,  EA,  Kim, et al	Aids	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	To evaluate risk factors, clinical manifestations, and outcomes in a large cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) with COVID-19. We systematically identified all PLWH who were diagnosed with COVID-19 at a large hospital from 3 March to 26 April 2020 during an outbreak in Massachusetts. We describe a cohort of 36 PLWH with confirmed COVID-19 and another 11 patients with probable COVID-19. Almost 85% of PLWH with confirmed COVID-19 had a comorbidity associated with severe disease, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, or hypertension. Approximately 77% of PLWH with COVID-19 were non-Hispanic Black or Latinx whereas only 40% of the PLWH in our clinic were Black or Latinx. Nearly half of PLWH with COVID-19 had exposure to congregate settings.
Rapid, convenient and efficient kit-independent detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA	Michel,  D,  Danzer, et al	J Virol Methods	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	Here, we provide and validate  a rapid, convenient and efficient kit-independent detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, termed COVID-quick-DET. This straightforward method operates with simple proteinase K treatment and repetitive heating steps with a sensitivity of 94,6 % in head-to-head comparisons with kit-based isolation methods. This result is supported by data obtained from serially diluted SARS-CoV-2 virus stocks.
Estimating the Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 Control in Korea	Min,  KD,  Kang, et al	J Korean Med Sci	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Relaxed social distancing among adults would have increased the number of cases 27.4-fold until the end of March. Spring semester non-postponement would have increased the number of cases 1.7-fold among individuals aged 0–19, while lower quarantine and detection rates would have increased the number of cases 1.4-fold.
Clinical Characteristics, Comorbidities, Initial Management and Outcome of COVID-19 Infected Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit in Somalia: A National Retrospective Study	Mohamud,  MFY,  H		Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We conducted a retrospective observational study of laboratory 60 confirmed patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) admitted to an ICU from March 28, to May 28, 2020. Most of the patients admitted to ICU were men over 59 years of age, and nearly half had diabetes followed by hypertension chronic kidney disease and asthma. The most clinical presentations were dyspnea (91.2%), Fever (81.1%), (68.75%), Fatigue and myalgia (25%), and Altered level of conscious (16.6%).
Pre-clinical studies of a recombinant adenoviral mucosal vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection	Moore,  AnneC,  Dora, et al	bioRxiv	Vaccine Research| Recherche sur les vaccins	Here we investigate the immunogenicity of a range of candidate adenovirusbased vaccines, expressing full or partial sequences of the spike and nucleocapsid proteins, in mice. We demonstrate that, compared to expression of the S1 domain or a stabilized spike antigen, the full length, wild-type spike antigen induces significantly higher neutralizing antibodies in the periphery and in the lungs, when the vaccine is administered mucosally. Antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were induced by this leading vaccine candidate at low and high doses.
Acute chest syndrome in the setting of SARS-COV-2 infections-A case series at an urban medical center in the Bronx	Morrone,  KA,  Strumph, et al	Pediatr Blood Cancer	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	New York City has emerged as one of the epicenters of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, with the Bronx being disproportionately affected. This novel coronavirus has caused significant respiratory manifestations raising the concern for development of acute chest syndrome (ACS) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). We report a series of pediatric SCD SARS-COV-2-positive patients admitted with ACS. SARS-COV-2-positive SCD patients, who did not develop ACS, were the comparison group. Hydroxyurea use (P-value = .02) and lower absolute monocyte counts (P-value = .04) were noted in patients who did not develop ACS. These preliminary findings need to be further evaluated in larger cohorts.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Complicated by Multiple Simultaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhages	Motoie,  R,  Akai, et al	Intern Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	The relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear. We herein report a case of severe COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages (MSICH). The patient died eight days after the episode of MSICH. No apparent coagulopathy was observed; however, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and anticoagulation might have caused the occurrence of MSICH. Laboratory findings showed hypercoagulability, suggesting that thrombotic etiologies, such as sinus thrombosis or cerebral infarction, might also have caused MSICH. MSICH can occur as a fatal complication of COVID-19, and this should be considered when providing treatment.
Identifying High-Risk COVID-19 Patients Based on Laboratory Tests Using Data Mining Approach	Mousavi,  Atefeh,  Rezaei, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The herein research was designed as a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients. Of the 4542 hospitalized adult patients, 822 (18·09%) died during hospitalization, and 3720 (81·90%) were discharged from the hospitals. Older age, and liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥ 55 IU/L, elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) reference range especially above 100 IU/L, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) above 200 IU/L  are associated with a higher COVID-19 Mortality Rate (MR). Serum electrolytes including sodium below 135 mEq/l, and above 145 mEq/l, potassium ≥ 5·50 mEq/l, and calcium below 8·50 mEq/l are also connected to an increased COVID-19 MR. Also, elevated CPK range 307-600 IU/L (in male patients), and 192-400 IU/L (in female patients), and above 600 IU/L (in male patients) and above 400 (RR=4·41, CI: 3·40-5·71) (in female patients), CRP higher than the reference range, specially above 100 mg/l , and creatinine more than 1·5 mg/l were found to be associated with COVID-19 MR.
Considerations for Continuing Semielective and Emergency Otolaryngological Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Mueller,  SK,  Traxdorf, et al	Ear Nose Throat J	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The objective of this study was to analyze procedures and outcomes of continuing semielective and emergency surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrospective analysis of n = 750 patients who received semi-elective or emergency surgery between March 26 and June 16, 2020, in the Otolaryngology Department of the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. Of the n = 750 patients, n = 699 patients received semielective surgery and n = 51 emergency surgery. For 27 patients, the swab result could not be awaited due to a life-threatening condition. In these cases, surgery was performed in full protective equipment. No patient was tested positive during or after the surgery (follow-up 45 to 127 days). No member of the medical personnel showed symptoms or was tested positive after contact with patients. Due to the continuation of surgeries, patients’ lives were saved and improvement of long-term quality-of-life and outcomes is anticipated.
CAN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS REOPEN FOR IN-PERSON CLASSES SAFELY AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?	Mukherjee,  UjjalK,  Bose, et al	medRxiv	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Can educational institutions open up safely amid COVID-19? We build an epidemiological model to investigate the strategies necessary for institutions to reopen. The four measures that are most relevant for in-person opening are: (i) wide-spread rapid testing, possibly saliva-based, (ii) enforcement of mask wearing, (iii) social distancing, and (iv) contact tracing. We demonstrate that institutions need to test at a relatively high level (e.g., at least once every week) in the initial phases of reopening. Contact tracing is relatively more important when the positivity rate from random testing is relatively low, which is likely during the initial phases.
Haemoptysis treated by bronchial artery embolisation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: case report	Murgo,  S,  Lheureux, et al	CVIR Endovasc	Clinical data| Données cliniques	A 62-year-old patient with no significant medical history was admitted with acute respiratory distress. Chest computed tomography showed diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacities with limited consolidations. Diagnostic tests confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The severity of respiratory failure required the implantation of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The patient developed severe haemoptysis, which was successfully treated by bronchial artery embolisation.
The SARS-CoV-2 multibasic cleavage site facilitates early serine protease-mediated entry into organoid-derived human airway cells	Mykytyn,  AnnaZ,  Breugem, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Here, we report that the SARS-CoV-2 spike multibasic cleavage site increases infectivity on differentiated organoid-derived human airway cells. Compared with SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 entered faster into the lung cell line Calu-3, and more frequently formed syncytial cells in differentiated organoid-derived human airway cells. Moreover, the multibasic cleavage site increased entry speed and plasma membrane serine protease usage relative to endosomal entry using cathepsins. Blocking serine protease activity using the clinically approved drug camostat mesylate effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in differentiated organoid-derived human airway cells. Our findings provide novel information on how SARS-CoV-2 enters relevant airway cells and highlight serine proteases as an attractive antiviral target.
An epidemiological modelling approach for COVID-19 via data assimilation	Nadler,  P,  Wang, et al	Eur J Epidemiol	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	We propose an epidemiological model for forecasting and policy evaluation which incorporates new data in real-time through variational data assimilation. We analyze and discuss infection rates in the UK, US and Italy. We furthermore develop a custom compartmental SIR model fit to variables related to the available data of the pandemic, named SITR model, which allows for more granular inference on infection numbers. We compare and discuss model results which conducts updates as new observations become available. A hybrid data assimilation approach is applied to make results robust to initial conditions and measurement errors in the data. We use the model to conduct inference on infection numbers as well as parameters such as the disease transmissibility rate or the rate of recovery. The parameterisation of the model is parsimonious and extendable, allowing for the incorporation of additional data and parameters of interest. This allows for scalability and the extension of the model to other locations or the adaption of novel data sources.
A QR Code-Based Contact Tracing Framework for Sustainable Containment of COVID-19: Evaluation of an Approach to Assist the Return to Normal Activity	Nakamoto,  I,  Wang, et al	JMIR Mhealth Uhealth	Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	We discuss a pandemic management framework using symptom-based quick response (QR) codes to contain the spread of COVID-19. In this approach, symptom-based QR health codes are issued by public health authorities. The codes do not retrieve the location data of the users; instead, two different colors are displayed to differentiate the health status of individuals. A simulation showed that if only partial measures of the framework were followed, the number of cumulative cases of COVID-19 could potentially increase ten-fold. This approach can serve as a reliable solution to counteract the emergency of a public health crisis; as a routine tool to enhance the level of public health; to accelerate the recovery of social activities; to assist decision making for policy makers; and as a sustainable measure that enables scalability.
Remote cardiac rehabilitation is a good alternative of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation in the COVID-19 era	Nakayama,  A,  Takayama, et al	Environ Health Prev Med	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	We prospectively investigated patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) with a left ventricular ejection fraction of < 50%. As for patients who participated in the remote cardiac rehabilitation (CR)program, telephone support was provided by cardiologists and nurses who specialized in HF every 2 weeks after discharge. The participation rate of HF patients in our remote CR program elevated during the COVID-19 pandemic. As observed in the outpatient CR group (n = 69), the emergency readmission rate within 30 days of discharge was lower in the remote CR group (n = 30) than in the non-CR group (n = 137) (P = 0.02). The EQ-5D score was higher in the remote CR group than in the outpatient CR group (P = 0.03) 30 days after discharge.
Switched and unswitched memory B cells detected during SARS-CoV-2 convalescence correlate with limited symptom duration	Newell,  KristaL,  Clemmer, et al	medRxiv	Immunology | Immunologie	We sought to identify B cell responses that correlated with positive clinical outcomes in convalescent patients. We characterized the peripheral blood B cell immunophenotype and plasma antibody responses in 40 recovered non-hospitalized COVID-19 subjects. We observed a significant negative correlation between the frequency of peripheral blood memory B cells and the duration of symptoms for convalescent subjects. Memory B cell subsets in convalescent subjects were composed of classical CD24+ class-switched memory B cells, but also activated CD24-negative and natural unswitched CD27+ IgD+ IgM+ subsets. Memory B cell frequency was significantly correlated with both IgG1 and IgM responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). IgM+ memory, but not switched memory, directly correlated with virus-specific antibody responses, and remained stable over time.
The mental health of neurological doctors and nurses in Hunan Province, China during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak	Ning,  X,  Yu, et al	BMC Psychiatry	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and influencing factors on anxiety and depression in neurological healthcare workers in Hunan Province, China during the early stage of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. An online cross-sectional study was conducted among neurological doctors and nurses in early February 2020 in Hunan Province. The prevalence of probable anxiety and depression in neurological nurses (20.3 and 30.2%, respectively) was higher than that in doctors (12.6 and 20.2%, respectively). Female healthcare workers (18.4%) had a higher proportion of anxiety than males (10.8%). Probable anxiety and depression were more prevalent among nurses, younger workers (≤ 40 years), and medical staff with junior titles. Logistic regression analysis showed that a shortage of protective equipment was independently associated with probable anxiety (OR = 1.980, 95% CI: 1.241–3.160, P = 0.004), while young age was a risk factor for probable depression (OR = 2.293, 95% CI: 1.137–4.623, P = 0.020) among neurological healthcare workers.
Collapsing Glomerulopathy Affecting Native and Transplant Kidneys in Individuals with COVID-19	Noble,  R,  Tan, et al	Nephron	Clinical data| Données cliniques	This article describes 2 cases of collapsing glomerulopathy, 1 in a native kidney and, for the first time, 1 in a kidney transplant. Both presented without significant respiratory compromise. Indeed, the 2 patients we describe remained systemically well for the majority of their inpatient stay, which would support the hypothesis that for these patients, AKI was caused by a cytopathic viral effect, rather than that of a cytokine storm or acute tubular necrosis caused by prolonged hypovolaemia or the effect of medication known to exacerbate AKI.
Impact of Social Distancing and Travel Restrictions on non-COVID-19 Respiratory Hospital Admissions in Young Children in Rural Alaska	Nolen,  LD,  Seeman, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Hospitalizations due to non-COVID-19 respiratory illnesses decreased dramatically after social distancing was implemented in a high-risk population in rural Alaska. Our data from the past ten respiratory seasons show that this decline is unprecedented. This demonstrates the potential secondary benefits of implementing social distancing and travel restrictions on respiratory illnesses.
An integrated multidisciplinary model of COVID-19 recovery care	O'Brien,  H,  Tracey, et al	Ir J Med Sci	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This article aims to describe the establishment of a COVID Recovery Service, a multidisciplinary service for comprehensive follow-up of patients with a hospital diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. A hybrid model of virtual and in-person clinics was established, supported by a multidisciplinary team consisting of respiratory, critical care, infectious diseases, psychiatry, and psychology services. We describe a post-COVID-19 service structure together with detailed protocols for multidisciplinary follow-up.
Modelling COVID-19 With More Disaggregation and Less Nomothetic Parameterisation: UK and India Examples	Olsen,  W,  B	Research Square prepub	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	Models of transmission have been constructed at national level or for multiple nations. We instead construct a model allowing for social-group differentials in risk, along with conditioning regional factors and lifestyle factors. COVID-19 deaths in north and central India were higher in areas with older populations and overweight populations, and was more common among those with pre-existing health conditions, or who smoke or live in urban areas.
Mutational Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Genome in African Population	Omotoso,  OlabodeE,  Babalola, et al	bioRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	The present study elucidated the mutational landscape in SARS-CoV-2 genome among the African population, which may have contributed to the virulence, pathogenicity and transmission observed in the region. ORF1ab polyprotein, spike glycoprotein, ORF3, ORF8 and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein were observed as mutational hotspots in the African population and may be of keen interest in the adaptability of SARS-CoV-2 to the human host.
PMC7462837; Telemedicine in Radiation Oncology Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: There Is No Turning Back	Orazem,  M,  Oblak, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	We aimed to assess patients’ and physicians’ perspectives on wider implementation of telemedicine in radiation oncology practice, disrupted by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).  A 29-question survey targeting patients with cancer was distributed electronically via cancer support organizations. Cross-sectional data from a selected weekday at a radiation oncology department were also analyzed. In addition, a 25-question survey was distributed to 168 physicians employed by a comprehensive cancer center. In total, we have analyzed 468 patients’ and 101 physicians’ responses. Both patients and physicians reported no experiences with video consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic, but 15% of patients stated that they missed telemedicine services that would include a video call. Overall, 30.6% of patients expressed interest in more frequent usage of telemedicine and 23.3% would start using it. Sixty-seven percent of radiation oncologists expressed interest in more frequent usage of telemedicine, and 14% would use it similarly as in the past. For patients treated with radiation therapy (RT), 59.9% and 63.4% of the responding patients acknowledged that video consultations would be an important addition to medical care during RT course or after the completion of RT, respectively. Comparably, 61.1% and 63.9% of radiation oncologists believed video consultations would be useful or extremely useful for patients undergoing RT or for patients in the follow-up setting, respectively.
PMC7472395; The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Restrictions on Depression Rates and Maternal Attachment in Immediate Postpartum Women: a Preliminary Study	Oskovi-Kaplan,  Z,  Buyuk, et al	Psychiatr Q	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We aimed to evaluate the postpartum depression rates and maternal-infant bonding status among immediate postpartum women, whose last trimester overlapped with the lockdowns and who gave birth in a tertiary care center which had strong hospital restrictions due to serving also for COVID-19 patients, in the capital of Turkey. A total of 223 women were recruited. 33 (14.7%) of the women were determined to have a risk for postpartum depression.
Heterogeneity and Superspreading Effect on Herd Immunity	Oz,  Y,  R	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	We model and calculate the fraction of infected population necessary for herd immunity to occur, taking into account the heterogeneity in infectiousness and susceptibility, as well as the correlation between the two parameters. We show that these cause the reproduction number to decrease with progression, and consequently have a drastic effect on the estimate of the necessary percentage of the population that has to contract the disease for herd immunity to be reached. We discuss the implications to COVID-19 and other pandemics.
Public Preferences for Government Response Policies on Outbreak Control	Ozdemir,  Semra,  Tan, et al	medRxiv	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	Objectives: To assess the extent to which public support for outbreak containment policies varies with respect to the severity of an infectious disease outbreak. A web-enabled survey was administered to 1,017 residents of Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic. Likelihood of support varied across government response policies; however, was generally higher for border control policies compared to internal policies. The fatality rate was the most important factor for internal policies while the degree of global spread was the most important for border control policies. In general, individuals who were less healthy, had higher income and were older were more likely to support these policies. Perceived effectiveness of a policy was a consistent and positive predictor of public support.
The Effect of Ultraviolet C Radiation Against Different N95 Respirators Inoculated with SARS-CoV-2	Ozog,  DM,  Sexton, et al	Int J Infect Dis	Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI)	Our objective was to determine the effect of UVC on SARS-CoV-2 inoculated N95 respirators and whether this was respirator material/model type dependent. UVC delivered using a dose of 1.5 J/cm2, to each side, was an effective method of decontamination for the facepieces of 3 M 1860 and Moldex 1511, and for the straps of 3 M 8210 and the Moldex 1511.
Genomic analysis reveals local transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in early pandemic phase in Peru	Padilla-Rojas,  Carlos,  Vega-Chozo, et al	bioRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	To characterize the complete genome of first samples of the virus circulating in Peru, we amplified seven overlapping segments of the viral genome by RT-PCR and sequenced using Miseq platform. The results indicate that the genomes of the Peruvian SARS-COV-2 samples belong to the genetic groups G and S. Likewise, a phylogenetic and MST analysis of the isolates confirm the introduction of multiple isolates from Europe and Asia that, after border closing, were transmitted locally in the capital and same regions of the country. These Peruvian samples (56%) grouped into two clusters inside G clade and share B.1.1.1 lineage.
PMC7471637; [Does SARS-CoV-2 cause lung inflammation even in mild clinical courses? : A multicenter report from outpatient care]	Palmowski,  M,  Persigehl, et al	Radiologe	Clinical data| Données cliniques	In this case study it was investigated to what extent SARS-CoV‑2 can cause lung involvement even with minor symptoms. Five outpatient radiological centers and two inpatient hospitals in North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg in Germany were involved. A total of 50 patients were included, all of whom had radiological signs of viral pneumonia. The majority of cases had no or only few non-specific symptoms (26/50). This was followed by mild symptoms of a flu-like infection (17/50), and severe cases (7/50). A SARS-CoV‑2 infection leads to lung involvement more often than previously assumed.
Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal: A Lockdown Scenario Analysis	Parajuli,  Kusum Sharma,  Banstola, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	We collated the data provided by the Nepalese Ministry of Health and Population and assessed scenario of COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal during the lockdown period. There were only two confirmed cases from 610 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) tests and no fatalities when the government introduced nationwide lockdown. It has recorded its highest daily rise in coronavirus infections with a total of 740 new cases from the total of 4,483 RT-PCR tests performed on a single day during lockdown. Nepal had reported total 17,994 positive cases and 40 deaths at the end of lockdown. The spatial distribution clearly shows that the cases were rapidly spreading from the southern part of the country where most points of entry and exit from India are located.
PMC7462887; Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Analysis of Telemedicine Services in Radiation Oncology	Parikh,  NR,  Chang, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé Economics | Économie	We used time-driven activity-based costing to evaluate the change in resource use associated with transitioning to telemedicine in a radiation oncology department. Transitioning to telemedicine reduced provider costs by $586 compared with traditional workflow. There was significant savings from an employee perspective by not having to commute. Patients saved $170 per treatment course. A modified workflow incorporating telemedicine visits and work-from-home capability conferred savings to a department as well as significant time and costs to health care workers and patients alike.
Emergence of the D614A mutation in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2: Imported cases to the South Korea	Park,  Ae Kyung,  No, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	We identified imported cases of a novel D614A mutation in the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in the South Korea. SARS-CoV-2 harboring the novel mutation was isolated from returning travelers from Uzbekistan. These results emphasized the possibility that new mutations have emerged in that area.
Do Black and Indigenous Communities Receive their Fair Share of Vaccines Under the 2018 CDC Guidelines	Pathak,  PA,  S	ArXiv	Vaccine Research| Recherche sur les vaccins Public Health Priorities| Priorités de santé publique	We simulate the 2018 CDC Vaccine Allocation guidelines using data from the American Community Survey under different assumptions on total vaccine supply. Black and Indigenous individuals combined receive a higher share of vaccines compared to their population share for all assumptions on total vaccine supply. However, their vaccine share under the 2018 CDC guidelines is considerably lower than their share of COVID-19 deaths and age-adjusted deaths. We then simulate one method to incorporate disadvantage in vaccine allocation via a reserve system. Our findings illustrate that whether an allocation is equitable depends crucially on the benchmark and highlight the importance of considering the expected distribution of outcomes from implementing vaccine allocation guidelines.
Broad and strong memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19	Peng,  Y,  Mentzer, et al	Nat Immunol	Clinical data| Données cliniques Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Immunology | Immunologie	We studied T cell memory in 42 patients following recovery from COVID-19 (28 with mild disease and 14 with severe disease) and 16 unexposed donors, using interferon-γ-based assays with peptides spanning SARS-CoV-2 except ORF1. The breadth and magnitude of T cell responses were significantly higher in severe as compared with mild cases. We identified 41 peptides containing CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) epitopes, including six immunodominant regions. Six optimized CD8(+) epitopes were defined. In mild cases, higher proportions of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells were observed.
Variations in state-level SARS-COV-2 testing recommendations in the United States, March-July 2020	Perniciaro,  StephanieR,  Weinberger, et al	medRxiv	Surveillance Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The objective of this analysis was to establish whether varying the state-level COVID-19 testing guidelines had any impact on the actual number of tests performed, and whether the number of tests performed was related to the rate of recognizing COVID-19 deaths as a cause of excess mortality.  As of July 2020, 16 states recommended testing asymptomatic members of the general public. The rate of COVID-19 tests reported in each state correlates with more permissive testing recommendations and with higher epidemic intensity. Higher per capita testing was associated with more complete reporting of COVID-19 deaths, which is a fundamental requirement for analyzing the pandemic.
Obstetrical Unit Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: OUR Study	Pluym,  ID,  Rao, et al	Am J Perinatol	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the response of labor and delivery (L&D) units in the United States to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and determine how institutional characteristics and regional disease prevalence affect viral testing and personal protective equipment (PPE). Universal laboratory testing for COVID-19 is more common at academic institutions and in states with high disease prevalence. Centers with universal testing were less likely to recommend N95 masks for asymptomatic vaginal deliveries, suggesting that viral testing can play a role in guiding efficient PPE use.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection	Ponce-Alonso,  M,  Sáez de la Fuente, et al	Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Here, we assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of nosocomial Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).  A total of 2337 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were admitted to the hospital during the COVID-19 period. Twelve healthcare facility-associated CDI cases were reported at this time, whereas 34 cases were identified during the control period. Antibiotic consumption was slightly higher during COVID-19  than during the control period. The incidence density of patient movements was significantly lower during the COVID-19 period.
Pooled testing for COVID-19 diagnosis by real-time RT-PCR: A multi-site comparative evaluation of 5- & 10-sample pooling	Praharaj,  I,  Jain, et al	Indian J Med Res	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	We report here a comparative analysis of pooled testing for 5- and 10-sample pools by real-time RT-PCR across 10 COVID-19 testing laboratories in India. Concordance between the 5-sample pool and individual sample testing was 100 per cent in the C(t) value ≤30 cycles and 95.5 per cent for C(t) values ≤33 cycles. Overall concordance between the 5-sample pooled and individual sample testing was 88 per cent while that between 10-sample pool and individual sample testing was 66 per cent. The concordance rates varied across laboratories.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA in plasma is associated with ICU admission and mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19	Prebensen,  C,  Hre, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The clinical significance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the circulation is unknown. In this prospective cohort study, we detected viral RNA in the plasma of 58/123 (47%) patients hospitalized with COVID-19. RNA was detected more frequently, and levels were higher, in patients who were admitted to the ICU and/or died.
Monoclonal Antibodies Capable of Binding SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Motif Specifically Prevent GM-CSF Induction	Qiang,  Xiaoling,  Zhu, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique Immunology | Immunologie	Here we generated a highly purified recombinant protein corresponding to the receptor-binding motif (RBM) of SARS-CoV-2, and used it to screen for cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We found two RBM-binding mAbs that competitively inhibited its interaction with human ACE2, and specifically blocked the RBM-induced GM-CSF secretion in both human monocyte and murine macrophage cultures. Our findings have suggested a possible strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2-elicited “cytokine storm”, and provided a potentially useful criteria for future assessment of innate immune-modulating properties of various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Years of life lost associated with COVID-19 deaths in the United States	Quast,  T,  Andel, et al	J Public Health (Oxf)	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	We employed data regarding COVID-19 deaths in the USA by jurisdiction, gender and age group for the period 1 February 2020 through 11 July 2020. We used actuarial life expectancy tables by gender and age to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). We estimated roughly 1.2 million YLLs due to COVID-19 deaths. The YLLs for the top six jurisdictions exceeded those for the remaining 43. On a per-capita basis, female YLLs were generally higher than male YLLs throughout the country.
Significant impact of nationwide SARS-CoV-2 lockdown measures on the circulation of other respiratory virus infections	Redlberger-Fritz,  M	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Surveillance	In this study we investigated whether the circulation of different respiratory virus infections in Austria, as assessed by using the established respiratory virus surveillance system, is affected by COVID-19 lockdown measures as well and may reflect the success of the lockdown in limiting respiratory virus transmission. We observed a rapid and statistically significant reduction of cumulative cases for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus within a short time after the lockdown in March 2020, compared to previous seasons. Also, sentinel screening for SARS-CoV-2 infections was performed and a decrease of SARS-CoV-2 was seen after the lockdown.
Characteristics and predictors of hospitalization and death in the first 11 122 cases with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in Denmark: a nationwide cohort	Reilev,  M,  Kristensen, et al	Int J Epidemiol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We examined characteristics and predictors of hospitalization and death in a nationwide cohort of all Danish individuals tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from 27 February 2020 until 19 May 2020.  Increasing age and multimorbidity were strongly associated with hospitalization and death. In the absence of co-morbidities, the mortality was, however, <5% until the age of 80 years.
Tongue Ulcers Associated with SARS-COV-2 Infection: A case-series	Riad,  A,  Kassem, et al	Oral Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We aim to demonstrate the characteristics of 26  laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients with tongue ulcers. Their respiratory symptoms were mild or absent in some cases; therefore, they did not require hospitalization. The mean onset of tongue ulcers was was 4.12 ± 1.39 days. All ulcers were painful and interfered with daily activities. Statistics revealed a statistically significant association between number of ulcers and gender, onset, duration, Ct value, and pain score. While the Ct value was inversely correlated  with number of ulcers, pain score, and duration, it was directly correlated with the onset.
PMC7472404; Antibody response and the clinical presentation of patients with COVID-19 in Croatia: the importance of a two-step testing approach	Rode,  OĐ,  Kurolt, et al	Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis	Clinical data| Données cliniques Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes Immunology | Immunologie	According to anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroresponse in patients with COVID-19 from Croatia, we emphasised the issue of different serological tests and need for combining diagnostic methods for COVID-19 diagnosis. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG ELISA and IgM/IgG immunochromatographic assay (ICA) were used for testing 60 sera from 21 patients.  The main clinical, demographic, and haemato-biochemical data were analysed.  Antibody response in COVID-19 varied and depended on the time the serum was taken, on the severity of disease, and on the type of test used. IgM and IgA antibodies as early-stage disease markers are comparable, although they cannot replace each other.
Predicting illness trajectory and hospital resource utilization of COVID-19 hospitalized patients - a nationwide study	Roimi,  Michael,  Gutman, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to provide publicly available tools for predicting future hospital-bed utilization given a succinct characterization of the status of currently hospitalized patients and scenarios for future incoming patients. We developed a model that, given basic easily obtained data as input, accurately predicts total and critical care hospital utilization. The model enables evaluating the impact of various patient influx scenarios on hospital utilization. Accurate predictions are also given for individual patients' probability of in-hospital mortality and critical illness.
Reduced activity of B lymphocytes, recognised by Sysmex XN-2000™ haematology analyser, predicts mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019	Rolla,  R,  Vidali, et al	Int J Lab Hematol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	In this study, we evaluated the discriminatory ability in predicting mortality of a series of clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters at hospital admission in patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. In-hospital mortality rate was 17%. Mortality was associated with older age, high C-reactive protein, impaired renal function, and decreased count of activated B lymphocytes at hospital admission.
High prevalence of deep venous thrombosis in non-severe COVID-19 patients hospitalized for a neurovascular disease	Rouyer,  Olivier,  Pierre-Paul, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	In non-severe COVID-19 patients affected by neurovascular diseases, the prevalence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is unknown. The aim of or study was to report data obtained after systematic Doppler ultrasound scanning (DUS) of lower limbs in such patients. Despite thromboprophylaxis, systematic bedside DUS showed a high prevalence of 38.5% of DVT in non-severe COVID-19 patients with neurovascular diseases. Two patients died during hospitalization but the outcome was favourable in the others.
PMC7467756; COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Characteristics and Follow-Up Study	Ruan,  PS,  Xu, et al	SN Compr Clin Med	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Here, we conducted a retrospective study including children with confirmed COVID-19. We recorded patients' epidemiological, clinical features, and follow-up data after discharging in order to improve the awareness and treatment of children with COVID-19. The mean time in hospital was 18 (SD 5.4) days. Mean SARS CoV-2 detoxification time in nasopharyngeal swab was 16 (SD 5.4) days. We found patients with nasopharyngeal swabs turned negative, but SARS-CoV-2 could still be detected in the feces swabs during the same period. By Feb 26, 2020, all patients were cured and quarantined for a further 2 weeks.
PMC7468313; Status epilepticus as a first presentation of COVID-19 infection in a 3 years old boy; Case report and review the literature	Saeed,  A,  Shorafa, et al	IDCases	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Here we describe a 3 years old; previously healthy boy that presented with repeated fever induced seizure and status epilepticus and positive RT-PCR for COVID-19 that in the first day; brain CT scan revealed brain edema and 5 days later, there was intracerebral hemorrhage in brain MRI.
Self-reported symptoms in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus during the COVID-19 quarantine period	Salido,  EO,  T	Research Square prepub	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study aims to investigate self-reported symptoms of disease flares among patients with rheumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus during the COVID-19 pandemic. In our cohort of 512 patients with lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, 75% had at least one symptom, the most common being joint pain, muscle pain, headache, and rash. Among those prescribed the drug, 68% and 65% had irregular supplies of hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate, respectively, during the two-month period of enhanced community quarantine in the Philippines.
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in District Srinagar, northern India – a cross-sectional study	Salim Khan,  Muhammad S,  Qurieshi, et al	bioRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	We estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in District Srinagar. Age- and gender-standardized seroprevalence was 3.6% (95% CI 2.9% to 4.3%). Age 30-69 years, a recent history of symptoms of an influenza-like-illness, and a history of being placed under quarantine were significantly related to higher odds of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies.
A SARS-CoV-2 – host proximity interactome	Samavarchi-Tehrani,  Payman,  Abdouni, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Applying proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) with the fast-acting miniTurbo enzyme to 27 SARS-CoV-2 proteins in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549), we detected 7810 proximity interactions (7382 of which are new for SARS-CoV-2) with 2242 host proteins. Our dataset identifies numerous high confidence proximity partners for SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins, and describes potential mechanisms for their effects on specific host cell functions.
Efficacy of surgical helmet systems for protection against COVID-19: a double-blinded randomised control study	Schaller,  G,  Nayar, et al	Int Orthop	Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI) Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé RCT	This double-blind randomized controlled study assesses whether sterile surgical helmet systems (SSHS) provide surgeons with additional protection from aerosol pathogens alongside their traditional role protecting against splash. Wearing the SSHS in a fit testing hood, subjects were randomised to nebulised saccharin solution or placebo and taste tests were performed. SSHS did not protect against aerosol particulate and therefore are not efficacious in protection against COVID-19. The fan system employed may even increase risk to the surgeon by drawing in particulates as well as delay recognition of intraoperative cues, such as exhaust from diathermy, that point to respirator mask leak.
Household Secondary Attack Rate in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat state from Western India	Shah,  Komal,  Desai, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Transmission Economics | Économie	This retrospective study aims to evaluate household Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) of COVID-19 in Gandhinagar (rural) district of Gujarat, India. SAR in household contacts of COVID-19 in Gandhinagar was 8.8%. Out of 108, 8 patients expired (7.4%), where higher mortality was observed in primary cases (9.5%) as compared to secondary cases (3%). Occupational analysis showed that majority of the secondary cases (88%) were not working and hence had higher contact time with patient. No out-of-pocket expenditure occurred in 94% of the patients, in remaining 6% average expenditure of 1,49,633INR (2,027 USD) was recorded.
Evaluation of anxiety and depression in patients with morphea taking immunosuppressive drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic	Shahidi Dadras,  M,  Ahmadzadeh, et al	J Dermatolog Treat	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals especially those with chronic diseases face various problems like psychological distress.Aim: To evaluate anxiety and depression in morphea patients taking immunosuppressants compared with controls during COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: In this case-control study, electronic data of 42 eligible morphea patients and 42 age-and-sex-matched healthy subjects were extracted. Everyone was asked about the adherence to the health-protocols and symptoms of COVID-19. To investigate anxiety and depression, we designed an online Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire; a score ≥11 represents a significant psychological disorder.Results: The two groups didn't differ significantly in the mean HADS-A and D scores (P = 0.08 and P = 0.79,respectively). HADS-A and D scores were ≥11 in 16.67% and 11.90% of patients, respectively. Mean HADS-D score was significantly higher in morphea patients with sleep problems during COVID-19 compared with those who had not (P = 0.048). 21.43% of patients discontinued their treatment due to fear of COVID-19 and experienced disease recurrence. Adherence to health protocols was higher in patients compared with controls. The rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection was not different between the groups.Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference in anxiety and depression between the groups, it is recommended to provide the opportunity for psychiatric counselling to improve treatment outcomes during this pandemic.
Effect of lockdown interventions to control the COVID-19 epidemic in India	Sharma,  A,  A	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	The pandemic caused by the novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV2 has been responsible for life threatening health complications, and extreme pressure on healthcare systems. While preventive and definite curative medical interventions are yet to arrive, Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) like physical isolation, quarantine and drastic social measures imposed by governing agencies are effective in arresting the spread of infections in a population. In densely populated countries like India, lockdown interventions are partially effective due to social and administrative complexities. Using detailed demographic data, we present an agent based model to imitate the behavior of the population and its mobility features, even under intervention. We demonstrate the effectiveness of contact tracing policies and how our model efficiently relates to empirical findings on testing efficiency. We also present various lockdown intervention strategies for mitigation - using the bare number of infections, the effective reproduction rate, as well as using reinforcement learning. Our analysis can help assess the socio-economic consequences of such interventions, and provide useful ideas and insights to policy makers for better decision making.
Trans-ethnic analysis reveals genetic and non-genetic associations with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity	Shelton,  JanieF,  Shastri, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	COVID-19 presents with a wide range of severity, from asymptomatic in some individuals to fatal in others. Based on a study of over one million 23andMe research participants, we report genetic and non-genetic associations with testing positive for COVID-19, respiratory symptoms, and hospitalization. Risk factors for hospitalization include advancing age, male sex, elevated body mass index, lower socio-economic status, non-European ancestry, and pre-existing cardio-metabolic and respiratory conditions. Using trans-ethnic genome-wide association studies, we identify a strong association between blood type and COVID-19 diagnosis, as well as a gene-rich locus on chr3p21.31 that is more strongly associated with outcome severity. While non-European ancestry was found to be a significant risk factor for hospitalization after adjusting for socio-demographics and pre-existing health conditions, we did not find evidence that these two primary genetic associations explain differences between populations in terms of risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes
Myocardial Dysfunction Shown with Global Longitudinal Strain Imaging in COVID-19 Patients	Shmueli,  Hezzy,  Ebinger, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Background: The incidence of acute cardiac injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been reported to range between 8–28%. The aim of our case-series study was to describe the 2D echocardiography, Doppler and myocardial strain findings of hospitalized COVID-19 patients based on echocardiographic features. Methods: We performed a search of COVID-19 patients admitted to our institution from November 1st, 2019 to June 8th, 2020. All available transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE) were reviewed and off-line assessment of left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) was performed. We also analyzed electrocardiograms (ECG) and laboratory findings including inflammatory markers that were described as indicators for COVID-19 severity. Findings: Out of 1034 patients admitted with COVID-19, 60 (5.8%%) underwent TTE while hospitalized. LVEF was reduced and wall motion abnormalities were found in 13 (22%) of these patients and increased LV wall thickness was present in 53% (mean for combined posterior wall and inter ventricular septum 2.61cm±1.53, normal range <2.2cm). Patients with reduced systolic function had low stroke volume (mean LVOT-VTI 16.6 cm, normal range 20-30cm). Left ventricular GLS analysis was available for 40 patients and revealed reduced peak left ventricular longitudinal strain in 80% of them (mean -12.16%±4.01). All patients with LV dysfunction had elevated levels of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers. Interpretation: Our case-series study found that LV dysfunction as detected by reduced EF and segmental wall motion abnormalities is present in less than 25% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. However, signs of subclinical myocardial dysfunction by GLS is quite prevalent, occurring in 80% of patients. The mechanism of cardiac injury and/or dysfunction in COVID-19 infection remains uncertain. Potential etiologies may include myocarditis, systemic cytokine-mediated injury, microvascular injury or stress-related cardiomyopathy.
Uncovering the Corona Virus Map Using Deep Entities and Relationship Models	Singh,  S,  S	ArXiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	We extract entities and relationships related to COVID-19 from a corpus of articles related to Corona virus by employing a novel entities and relationship model. The entity recognition and relationship discovery models are trained with a multi-task learning objective on a large annotated corpus. We employ a concept masking paradigm to prevent the evolution of neural networks functioning as an associative memory and induce right inductive bias guiding the network to make inference using only the context. We uncover several import subnetworks, highlight important terms and concepts and elucidate several treatment modalities employed in related ailments in the past.
SARS-CoV-2 infection paralyzes cytotoxic and metabolic functions of immune cells	Singh,  Yogesh,  Trautwein, et al	bioRxiv	Immunology | Immunologie	The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the causative agent of the global COVID-19 infectious disease outbreak, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, it is still unclear how the virus interferes with immune cell and metabolic functions in the human body. In this study, we investigated the immune response in 10 acute or convalescent COVID19 patients. We characterized the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using flow cytometry and found that CD8+ T cells were significantly subsided in moderate COVID-19 and convalescent patients. Furthermore, characterization of CD8+ T cells suggested that patients with a mild and moderate course of the COVID-19 disease and convalescent patients have significantly diminished expression of both perforin and granzyme B in CD8+ T cells. Using 1H-NMR spectroscopy, we characterized the metabolic status of their autologous PBMCs. We found that fructose, lactate and taurine levels were elevated in infected (mild and moderate) patients compared with control and convalescent patients. Glucose, glutamate, formate and acetate levels were attenuated in COVID-19 (mild and moderate) patients. Our findings reveal patients who suffer from an over activation of the immune system, a change of composition in infusion/intravenous fluids during infection with the aim to lower blood levels of glucose, glutamate, acetate and formate could avoid a life-threatening cytokine storm. In summary, our report suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to disrupted CD8+ T cytotoxic functions and changes the overall metabolic functions of immune cells.
Medical Hematology/Oncology Fellows' Perceptions of Online Medical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Singhi,  EK,  Dupuis, et al	J Cancer Educ	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	In response to the COVID-19 social distancing guidelines, residency and fellowship programs transitioned to virtual instruction to deliver didactics and continue with medical education. The efficacy of such a fully online learning environment, however, remains unknown. To investigate its impact on medical education, this study surveyed hematology/oncology fellows at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center on their attitudes regarding the online-based lecture program. Fellows were emailed a 19-question survey with questions on demographics, ease of technical access to the online platform, level of comfort with participation, knowledge acquisition, wellness, and COVID-19-specific coverage. A free-text question soliciting ways to improve upon online learning was also included. The response rate was 71% (30/42). Most respondents reported easy/very easy accessibility to the online environment. Seventy-seven percent of the participants did not experience a technical issue. Seventy percent felt comfortable/very comfortable with participating in the conference. Thirty-seven percent felt comfortable/very comfortable with actively offering an answer to questions during the interactive board review session. Eighty-seven percent would have been more willing to offer an answer during the board review session if an anonymous poll format was utilized. Sixty-three percent felt they learned the same amount as they typically do during an in-person session. Thirty-three percent reported they were less focused as compared with an in-person session. One hundred percent of the participants had their questions answered, either at all times (87%) or sometimes (13%). Sixty percent experienced a change in social interactions as compared with an in-person session. Fifty-four percent reported that it was easy/very to balance online attendance despite personal/family commitments. One hundred percent appreciated the flexibility of the online learning environment. Ninety percent felt safer at home attending these lectures compared with receiving these lectures in-person during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, most fellows felt comfortable with the transition to a fully online learning environment. Strategies to encourage active participation, enhance social interaction, and provide additional flexibility are still needed.
Pre-infection global psychosocial status on SARS CoV-2 disease outcome	Sinha,  NK,  M	Research Square prepub	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The present pandemic situation due to Covid-19 disease has raised a severe threat on human health both physically and mentally. Globally, 794,435 persons were died from a total 22,767,009. We assumed that existed psychosocial-conditions in the pre-infection-period have a great role in disease pathogenesis-severity. This might have geographically/regionally influenced different parameters of the disease. The present aim was to delineate the impact of pre-infection or post-infection psychosocial impact on Covid-19 outcome. Existing global mental-status (depression-anxiety, economic-status, quality-of-life/QOL, Global-Health-Security/GHS, tobacco-smoking and suicide-mortality were verified with their possible correlation with the total-infection/death-rate/case-fatality-rate(CFR) analyzed in >170 countries. The data was collected from World-Health-Organization/World-Bank/United-Nations, and the Johns-Hopkins-Center for Health-Security. The SPSS/version-16.0 was utilized for student’s t test, multivariate-ANOVA, Correlation and Prediction for numerical-outcomes, Linear-regression. Pearson’s-chi-square-test was performed in the current study. Psychological wellbeing like happiness-GSH-QOL, mental-impairments like depression-anxiety have been variably-positively correlated with total-confirmed-infection-cases, total-death and CFR (p170 countries, the present outcome is important. The positive correlation between happiness-QOL index with the apparent adverse outcome of Covid-19 and the correlation between happiness/QOL with anxiety-depression disorder are found to be parallel. This suggests more characterizations of these psychosocial-indices are needed. The open-minded nations with non-conserved nature which eventuates to more transportation, tourist trafficking and more social association/collaborations, that might have affected more. Further studies are necessary in this regard.
Preliminary report of preclinical efficacy and safety analysis of gamma-irradiated inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates, SK-01 version 1 and OZG-3861 version 1	Sir Karakus,  Gozde,  Tastan, et al	bioRxiv	Vaccine Research| Recherche sur les vaccins	The COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 has created an unprecedented health crisis since there is no coronavirus vaccine in the market due to the novelty of this virus. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have become very important to reduce morbidity and mortality. At this point, inactivated vaccines are important because the straightforward process of existing infrastructure used for several licensed human vaccines can be used for SARS-CoV-2. Inactive vaccines provide an antigenic presentation similar to that when they encounter invasive virus particles of the immune system. In this study, in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy analyzes of lyophilized vaccine candidates inactivated by gamma-irradiation were performed. Our candidate OZG-3861 version 1 (V1) is an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine, and SK-01 version 1 (V1) is the GM-CSF adjuvant added vaccine candidate. We applied the candidates intradermal to BALB/c mice to assess the toxicity and immunogenicity of the OZG-3861 V1 and SK-01 V1. Here, we report our preliminary results in vaccinated mice. When considered in terms of T and B cell responses, it was observed that especially the vaccine models containing GM-CSF as an adjuvant caused significant antibody production with neutralization capacity in absence of the antibody-dependent enhancement feature. Another finding showed that the presence of adjuvant is more important in T cell response rather than B cell. The vaccinated mice showed T cell response upon restimulation with whole inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or peptide pool. This study encouraged us to start the challenge test using infective SARS-CoV-2 viruses and our second version of gamma-irradiated inactivated vaccine candidates in humanized ACE2+ mice
PMC7428683; COVID-19-associated encephalopathy with fulminant cerebral vasoconstriction: CT and MRI findings	Sirous,  R,  Taghvaei, et al	Radiol Case Rep	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) can cause various mild to severe neurologic symptoms, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. We hereby present a fatal case of a 50-year-old male health care provider, admitted due to altered mental status due to encephalopathy, cerebral edema, and fulminant cerebral vasoconstriction caused by SARS-Cov-2. Our case highlights the importance of considering SARS-Cov-2 infection in the differential diagnosis for patients with unexplained central nervous system dysfunction and cerebral edema to prevent delayed diagnosis and render rapid treatment.
Computationally validated SARS-CoV-2 CTL and HTL Multi-Patch Vaccines designed by reverse epitomics approach, shows potential to cover large ethnically distributed human population worldwide	Srivastava,  Sukrit,  Verma, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Vaccine Research| Recherche sur les vaccins	Background The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA coronavirus responsible for the ongoing 2019-2020 COVID-19 outbreak. The highly contagious COVID-19 disease has spread to 216 countries in less than six months. Though several vaccine candidates are being claimed, an effective vaccine is yet to come. In present study we have designed and theoretically validated novel Multi-Patch Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.Methodology A novel reverse epitomics approach, “overlapping-epitope-clusters-to-patches” method is utilized to identify multiple antigenic regions from the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. These antigenic regions are here termed as “Ag-Patch or Ag-Patches”, for Antigenic Patch or Patches. The identification of Ag-Patches is based on clusters of overlapping epitopes rising from a particular region of SARS-CoV-2 protein. Further, we have utilized the identified Ag-Patches to design Multi-Patch Vaccines (MPVs), proposing a novel methodology for vaccine design and development. The designed MPVs were analyzed for immunologically crucial parameters, physiochemical properties and cDNA constructs.Results We identified 73 CTL (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte), 49 HTL (Helper T-Lymphocyte) novel Ag-Patches from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2. The identified Ag-Patches utilized to design MPVs cover 768 (518 CTL and 250 HTL) overlapping epitopes targeting different HLA alleles. Such large number of epitope coverage is not possible for multi-epitope vaccines. The large number of epitopes covered implies large number of HLA alleles targeted, and hence large ethnically distributed human population coverage. The MPVs:Toll-Like Receptor ectodomain complex shows stable nature with numerous hydrogen bond formation and acceptable root mean square deviation and fluctuation. Further, the cDNA analysis favors high expression of the MPVs constructs in human cell line.Conclusion Highly immunogenic novel Ag-Patches are identified from the entire proteome of SARS CoV-2 by a novel reverse epitomics approach. We conclude that the novel Multi-Patch Vaccines could be a highly potential novel approach to combat SARS-CoV-2, with greater effectiveness, high specificity and large human population coverage worldwide.ABSTRACT FIGURE: A Multi-Patch Vaccine design to combat SARS-CoV-2 and a method to prepare thereof.Multi-Patch Vaccine designing to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection by reverse epitomics approach, “Overlapping-epitope-clusters-to-patches” method.
SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny during the early outbreak in the Basel area, Switzerland: import and spread dominated by a single B.1 lineage variant (C15324T)	Stange,  Madlen,  Mari, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Background: The first local case of SARS-CoV-2 in Basel, Switzerland, was detected on February 26th 2020. We present a phylogenetic cross-sectional study and explore viral introduction and evolution during the exponential early phase of the local COVID-19 outbreak from February 26th until March 23rd. Methods: We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 samples from naso-oropharyngeal swabs and generated 468 high quality genomes and called variants with our COVID-19 Genome Analysis Pipeline (COVGAP). We analysed viral genetic diversity using PANGOLIN taxonomic lineages. For identification of introduction and dissemination events across the Basel area a time-calibrated phylogeny was inferred including global SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Findings: Our samples exhibit low lineage diversity compared to neighbouring countries. Lineage B.1 (82.7%), detected from March 2nd, dominated infections in Basel. A large clade within B.1 contains 69.1% of our samples, all of which carry the SNP C15324T, suggesting local transmission in spreading events. We have located the geographic origin of this mutation in our tri-national region. The remaining genomes map broadly over the global phylogenetic tree, evidencing several events of introduction from and/or dissemination to other regions of the world. Further, we have identified several transmission events within families. Interpretation: Molecular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 by phylogenetic reconstruction in the Basel area provides important insights into local transmission (spreading events and family transmission). This phylogenetic analysis enriches epidemiological and contact tracing data, allowing connection of seemingly unconnected events and drawing conclusions, which can be used to inform public health interventions.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Multicapillary Column Coupled Ion Mobility Spectrometry (MCC-IMS) of Breath: A Proof of Concept Study	Steppert,  Claus,  Steppert, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes	There is an urgent need for screening patients of having a communicable viral disease to cut infection chains. We could recently demonstrate that MCC-IMS of breath is able to identify Influenza-A infected patients. With decreasing Influenza epidemic and upcoming SARS-CoV-2 infections we extended our study to the analysis of patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infections. 51 patients, 23m, 28f, aged 64 ± 16 years, were included in this study. Besides RT-PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs all patients underwent MCC-IMS analysis of breath. 16 patients, 7m, 9f, were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. There was no difference in gender or age according to the groups. Stepwise canonical discriminant analysis could correctly classify the infected and non-infected subjects in 98% by cross-validation. Afterwards we combined the Influenza-A sub study and the SARS-CoV-2- sub study for a total of 75 patients, 34m, 41f, aged 64·8 ± 1·8 years, 14 positive for Influenza-A, 16 positive for SARS-CoV-2, the remaining 44 patients were used as controls. In one patient RT-PCR was highly suspicious of SARS-CoV-2 but inconclusive. There was no imbalance between the groups for age or gender. 97·3% of the patients could be correctly classified to the respective group by discriminant analysis. Even the inconclusive patient could be mapped to the SARS-CoV-2 group applying the discrimination function. Conclusion: MCC-IMS is able to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection and Influenza-A infection in breath. As this method provides exact, fast non-invasive diagnosis it should be further developed for screening of communicable viral diseases.
Anomaly Detection in Stationary Settings: A Permutation-Based Higher Criticism Approach	Stoepker,  IV,  C	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Transmission Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	Anomaly detection when observing a large number of data streams is essential in a variety of applications, ranging from epidemiological studies to monitoring of complex systems. High-dimensional scenarios are usually tackled with scan-statistics and related methods, requiring stringent modeling assumptions for proper calibration. In this work we take a non-parametric stance, and propose a permutation-based variant of the higher criticism statistic not requiring knowledge of the null distribution. This results in an exact test in finite samples which is asymptotically optimal in the wide class of exponential models. We demonstrate the power loss in finite samples is minimal with respect to the oracle test. Furthermore, since the proposed statistic does not rely on asymptotic approximations it typically performs better than popular variants of higher criticism that rely on such approximations. We include recommendations such that the test can be readily applied in practice, and demonstrate its applicability in monitoring the daily number of COVID-19 cases in the Netherlands.
The effect of strict lock down measures on Covid-19 seroprevalence rate and herd immunity	Sughayer,  MaherA,  Mansour, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Immunology | Immunologie	Background: Covid-19 seroprevalence rates and serological tests are important tools in understanding the epidemiology of the disease and help in the fight against it. Seroprevalence rates vary according to the population studied and the test employed and they range from 0.133 to 25.7%. The purpose of this study is to assess the seroprevalence rate in a population of healthy blood donors living under strict lockdown measures in Jordan which has in total 144 confirmed cases per million population. Methods: Left-over sera and plasma samples from 746 healthy blood donors were tested using a commercially available FDA approved kit having a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 99.8% respectively. External positive controls were used for validation. Results: More than 80% of the donors were men 18-63 year old and residing in the capital city of Jordan, Amman. All tested specimens were negative yielding a zero seroprevalence rate in this healthy blood donor population. Conclusion: Strict lockdown measures effectively limit intracommunity spread of the infection, however at the cost of lack of any acquired community immunity. Additionally the use of highly specific test is recommended in low prevalence setting.
Activin/Follistatin-axis deregulation is independently associated with COVID-19 in-hospital mortality	Synolaki,  Evgenia,  Papadopoulos, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Rationale: Activins are inflammatory and tissue-repair-related members of the TGFβ-superfamily that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several immuno-inflammatory disorders including sepsis/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesized that they might be of particular relevance to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Objectives: To assess the involvement of the Activin-Follistatin-axis in COVID-19 pathophysiology. Methods: Levels of Activins -A, -B and their physiological inhibitor Follistatin, were retrospectively analyzed in 314 serum samples from 117 COVID-19 patients derived from two independent centers and compared with common demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters. Optimal-scaling with ridge-regression was used to screen variables and establish a prediction model. Main Results: The Activin/Follistatin-axis was significantly deregulated during the course of COVID-19 and was independently associated with severity and in-hospital mortality. FACT-CLINYCoD, a novel disease scoring system, adding one point for each of Follistatin >6235 pg/ml, Activin-A >591 pg/ml, Activin-B >249 pg/ml, CRP >10.3 mg/dL, LDH >427 U/L, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, Neutrophil/Lymphocyte-Ratio >5.6, Years of Age >61, Comorbidities >1 and D-dimers >1097 ng/ml, efficiently predicted and monitored fatal outcome independently of multiplicity and timing of sampling . AUC: 0.951±0.032, p<10-6). Validation in 35 samples derived from a third hospital indicated comparable AUC (0.958±0.086, p=0.032). Conclusion: This study unravels the link between Activin/Folistatin-axis and COVID-19 mortality and introduces FACT-CLINYCoD, a novel pathophysiology-based tool that copes with the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of COCVID-19, predicts disease outcome and supports clinical decision making. Prospective large-scale validation of this calculator, as well as investigation of the mechanisms linking Activin/Folistatin-axis to COVID-19 pathogenesis is warranted.
Platelets and renal failure in the SARS-CoV-2 syndrome	Taha,  M,  Sano, et al	Platelets	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 utilizes metallocarboxyl peptidase angiotensin receptor (ACE) 2 to gain entry into human cells. Activation of several proteases facilitates the interaction of viral spike proteins (S1) and ACE2 receptor. This leads to cleavage of host ACE2 receptors. ACE2 activity counterbalances the angiotensin II effect, its loss may lead to elevated angiotensin II levels with modulation of platelet function, size and activity. COVID-19 disease encompasses a spectrum of systemic involvement far beyond respiratory failure alone. Several features of this disease, including the etiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the hypercoagulable state, remain poorly understood. Here, we show that there is a high incidence of AKI (81%) in the critically ill adults with COVID-19 in the setting of elevated D-dimer, elevated ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Strikingly, there were unique features of platelets in these patients, including larger, more granular platelets and a higher mean platelet volume (MPV). There was a significant correlation between measured D-dimer levels and MVP; but a negative correlation between MPV and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) in critically ill cohort. Our data suggest that activated platelets may play a role in renal failure and possibly hypercoagulability status in COVID19 patients.
Prognostic accuracy of emergency department triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19: The PRIEST observational cohort study	Thomas,  Ben,  Goodacre, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Objectives: The World Health Organisation (WHO) and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommend various triage tools to assist decision-making for patients with suspected COVID-19. We aimed to estimate the accuracy of triage tools for predicting severe illness in adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) with suspected COVID-19 infection. Methods: We undertook a mixed prospective and retrospective observational cohort study in 70 EDs across the United Kingdom (UK). We collected data from people attending with suspected COVID-19 between 26 March 2020 and 28 May 2020, and used presenting data to determine the results of assessment with the following triage tools: the WHO algorithm, NEWS2, CURB-65, CRB-65, PMEWS and the swine flu adult hospital pathway (SFAHP). We used 30-day outcome data (death or receipt of respiratory, cardiovascular or renal support) to determine prognostic accuracy for adverse outcome. Results: We analysed data from 20892 adults, of whom 4672 (22.4%) died or received organ support (primary outcome), with 2058 (9.9%) receiving organ support and 2614 (12.5%) dying without organ support (secondary outcomes). C-statistics for the primary outcome were: CURB-65 0.75; CRB-65 0.70; PMEWS 0.77; NEWS2 (score) 0.77; NEWS2 (rule) 0.69; SFAHP (6-point) 0.70; SFAHP (7-point) 0.68; WHO algorithm 0.61. All triage tools showed worse prediction for receipt of organ support and better prediction for death without organ support. At the recommended threshold, PMEWS and the WHO criteria showed good sensitivity (0.96 and 0.95 respectively), at the expense of specificity (0.31 and 0.27 respectively). NEWS2 showed similar sensitivity (0.96) and specificity (0.28) when a lower threshold than recommended was used. Conclusion: CURB-65, PMEWS and NEWS2 provide good but not excellent prediction for adverse outcome in suspected COVID-19, and predicted death without organ support better than receipt of organ support. PMEWS, the WHO criteria and NEWS2 (using a lower threshold than usually recommended) provide good sensitivity at the expense of specificity.
The timing and effectiveness of implementing mild interventions of COVID-19 in large industrial regions via a synthetic control method	Tian,  Ting,  Luo, et al	medRxiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread around the world since it was detected in December 2019. The Chinese government executed a series of interventions to curb the pandemic. The "battle" against COVID-19 in Shenzhen, China is valuable because populated industrial cities are the epic centres of COVID-19 in many regions. We made use of synthetic control methods to create a reference population matching specific characteristics of Shenzhen. With both the synthetic and observed data, we introduced an epidemic compartmental model to compare the spread of COVID-19 between Shenzhen and its counterpart regions in the United States that didn't implement interventions for policy evaluation. Once the effects of policy interventions adopted in Shenzhen were estimated, the delay effects of those interventions were referred to provide the further control degree of interventions. Thus, the hypothetical epidemic situations in Shenzhen were inferred by using time-varying reproduction numbers in the proposed SIHR (Susceptible, Infectious, Hospitalized, Removed) model and considering if the interventions were delayed by 0 day to 5 days. The expected cumulative confirmed cases would be 1546, which is 5.75 times of the observed cumulative confirmed cases of 269 in Shenzhen on February 3, 2020, based on the data from the counterpart counties (mainly from Broward, New York, Santa Clara, Pinellas, and Westchester) in the United States. If the interventions were delayed by 5 days from the day when the interventions started, the expected cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Shenzhen on February 3, 2020 would be 676 with 95% credible interval (303,1959). Early implementation of mild interventions can subdue the epidemic of COVID-19. The later the interventions were implemented, the more severe the epidemic was in the hard-hit areas. Mild interventions are less damaging to the society but can be effective when implemented early.
UIT-HSE at WNUT-2020 Task 2: Exploiting CT-BERT for Identifying COVID-19 Information on the Twitter Social Network	Tran,  KV,  P	ArXiv	Public Health Priorities| Priorités de santé publique	Recently, COVID-19 has affected a variety of real-life aspects of the world and led to dreadful consequences. More and more tweets about COVID-19 has been shared publicly on Twitter. However, the plurality of those Tweets are uninformative, which is challenging to build automatic systems to detect the informative ones for useful AI applications. In this paper, we present our results at the W-NUT 2020 Shared Task 2: Identification of Informative COVID-19 English Tweets. In particular, we propose our simple but effective approach using the transformer-based models based on COVID-Twitter-BERT (CT-BERT) with different fine-tuning techniques. As a result, we achieve the F1-Score of 90.94\% with the third place on the leaderboard of this task which attracted 56 submitted teams in total.
Improvements to the ARTIC multiplex PCR method for SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing using nanopore	Tyson,  JohnR,  James, et al	bioRxiv	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	Genome sequencing has been widely deployed to study the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 with more than 90,000 genome sequences uploaded to the GISAID database. We published a method for SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing (https://www.protocols.io/view/ncov-2019-sequencing-protocol-bbmuik6w) online on January 22, 2020. This approach has rapidly become the most popular method for sequencing SARS-CoV-2 due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Here we present improvements to the original protocol: i) an updated primer scheme with 22 additional primers to improve genome coverage, ii) a streamlined library preparation workflow which improves demultiplexing rate for up to 96 samples and reduces hands-on time by several hours and iii) cost savings which bring the reagent cost down to £10 per sample making it practical for individual labs to sequence thousands of SARS-CoV-2 genomes to support national and international genomic epidemiology efforts.
Convalescent plasma as potential therapy for severe COVID-19 pneumonia	Valentini,  Ricardo,  Dupont, et al	medRxiv	Clinical data| Données cliniques Immunology | Immunologie	At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was high mortality and a lack of effective treatment for critically ill patients. Build on the experience in argentine hemorrhagic fever with convalescent plasma, we incorporated 90 patients into a multicenter study, and 87 were evaluable. We collected 397 donations from 278 convalescent donors. Patients received plasma with an IgG concentration of 0.7-0.8 (measured by Abbott chemiluminescence) for every 10 kg of body weight. Survival during the first 28 days was the primary objective. 77% were male, age 54 (+/-15.6 y/o (range 27-85); body mass index 29.7 +/-; 4,4; hypertension 39% and diabetes 20%; 19.5% had an immunosuppression condition; 23% were healthcare workers. Plasma was administered to 55 patients (63%) on spontaneous breathing with oxygen supplementation (mainly oxygen mask with reservoir bag in 80%), and 32 patients (37%) were infused on mechanical ventilation. The 28-day survival rate was 80%, with 91% in patients infused on spontaneous breathing and 63% in those infused on mechanical ventilation (p = 0.0002). There was a significant improvement in the WHO pneumonia clinical scale at 7 and 14 days, and in PaO2 / FiO2, ferritin and LDH, in the week post-infusion. We observed an episode of circulatory volume overload and a febrile reaction, both mild. Convalescent plasma infusions are feasible, safe, and potentially effective, especially before requiring mechanical ventilation, and are an attractive clinical option for treating severe forms of COVID-19 until other effective therapies become available
Relationships of total COVID-19 cases and deaths with ten demographic, economic and social indicators	Valev,  Dimitar	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	We have used data for 45 countries with a population of over 30 millions in which 85.8% of the world's population lives. The statistical relationships of total COVID-19 Cases and Deaths per million populations in these countries with 10 demographic, economic and social indicators (indices) were studied. These indicators are Life Expectancy, Median Age, Growth Rate, Population Density, GDP PPP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), Gini index of income equality, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and Democracy Index. Statistically significant relationships were found with all indicators excluding Gini index and Population Density. We have found that the closest is the relationship of Deaths per million population and total Cases per million population with correlation coefficient R = 0.926. Therefore, it is clear statistically that the more are Cases per million in a country the more are Deaths per million. This confirms the correctness of the timely and effective introduction of the necessary pandemic restrictions in the countries. It is interesting that the close correlations were found of Cases and Deaths per 1 million with a purely economic index like GDP PPP per capita, where R = 0.687 and R = 0.660, respectively. Even more close correlations were found of Cases and Deaths per 1 million with a composite index HDI, where the correlation coefficients reach 0.724 and 0.680, respectively. This paradoxical results show that the richest and well-being countries are most seriously affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The most probable reason for this is the large percentage of aging population, comorbidity of population with severe chronic diseases and obesity in countries with high GDP and HDI. No less important reason appears the delayed and/or insufficiently effective pandemic restrictions in these countries, which have underestimated the danger of a pandemic in early stage. Other indicators (excluding Gini index and Population Density) also show statistically significant correlations with Cases and Deaths per 1 million with correlation coefficients from 0.432 to 0.634. The countries that deviates the most from the regression lines were shown. Surprisingly, there was no statistically significant correlation between Cases and Deaths with Population Density. The statistical significance of the found correlations determined using Student's t-test was p <0.0001. The countries that deviate the most from both sides of the regression line were shown. It has been shown that the correlations of COVID-19 cases and Deaths with the studied indicators decrease with time.
The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on social network sites use, body image disturbances and self-esteem among adolescents and young women	Vall-Roqué,  H,  Andrés, et al	Research Square prepub	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on social network sites (SNS) use and to explore whether SNS use is associated with body image disturbances and low self-esteem. A total of 2601 women living in Spain aged 14-35 years completed questionnaire measures of SNS use, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. In the survey, participants were asked about their use of SNS at the moment of answering the survey and before lockdown. A statistically significant increase was found in the frequency of use of all studied SNS (Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter and Facebook) during lockdown, as well as in the number of women following appearance-focused Instagram accounts. Moreover, significant relationships were found between the frequency of Instagram use and body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and low self-esteem in the younger age group (14-24), and between the frequency of Instagram use and drive for thinness in the older age group (25-35). Following appearance-focused accounts on Instagram was related to body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness in the younger group, and only to drive for thinness in the older group (25-35). Following appearance-focused accounts on Instagram and a higher frequency of use of Instagram significantly predicted higher levels of drive for thinness. These results suggest that lockdown has had an impact on SNS use, and this might be linked to increased drive for thinness and eating disorder risk among adolescents and young women.
Impact of changes to national UK Guidance on testing for gestational diabetes screening during a pandemic: a single centre observational study	Van De L'Isle,  Y,  Steer, et al	Bjog	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	OBJECTIVE: To examine the differences in detection rate for gestational diabetes(GDM) comparing the methodology recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) compared with testing described as appropriate during the Covid-19 pandemic by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). DESIGN: Cohort study of women delivering between January 1(st) 2016 and 1(st) July 2020. SETTING: London Teaching Hospital POPULATION: All women delivering between January 1(st) 2016 and 13(th) May 2020 and follow-up of women screening negative between 1(st) April 2020 and 13(th) May 2020. METHODS: Retrospective study of prospectively collected data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detection rate of gestational diabetes. RESULTS: Using the RCOG guidance, the overall rate of women identified as having gestational diabetes fell from 7.7% (1853/24168) to 4.2% (35/831)(p=0.0003). Of 230 women who tested negative according to the RCOG criteria from April 1(st) to May 13(th) but who subsequently had an oral glucose tolerance test, 47 (20.4%) were diagnosed as having gestational diabetes according to the NICE criteria. CONCLUSIONS: In our setting, The RCOG Covid-19 gestational diabetes screening regime failed to detect 47 of 82 (57%) women subsequently identified as gestational diabetics, and therefore cannot be recommended for general use.
Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 reinfection by a phylogenetically distinct strain	Van Elslande,  J,  Vermeersch, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Clinical data| Données cliniques Coronavirology| Coronavirologie	The authors describe a case of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 re-infection by  a phylogenetically distinct strain, 4.5 months after the resolution of the initial infection. Full length genome sequencing revealed the initial infection was caused by a lineage B.1.1 SARS-CoV-2 virus, while the relapsing infection was caused by a lineage A.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of the Vietnamese as Key Factors in Controlling COVID-19	Van Nhu,  H,  Tuyet-Hanh, et al	J Community Health	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study aimed to describe knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in controlling COVID-19 and some related factors among the Vietnamese population in 2020. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1999 participants aged 18-59 years old, through an online questionnaire. The results showed that 92.2% of the participants had a high knowledge level regarding COVID-19 prevention measures, 68.6% had a positive attitude toward COVID-19 prevention measures, and 75.8% practiced all six measures for preventing the spread of the virus. Age, sex, marital status, knowledge, and fear were significantly associated with the practices aimed at COVID-19 prevention. Married people and participants with high levels of knowledge were more likely to practice all preventive measures. In contrast, young people, men, and those who fear COVID-19 were less likely to practice all preventative measures. Good KAP among Vietnamese people could be an important factor in helping authorities gain initial success in containing the coronavirus and COVID-19. In addition to continuously raising and maintaining the community's awareness, attitude, and practices in disease prevention, the introduction and strict implementation of sanctions and regulations were also important in ensuring good practices were implemented and sustained over time. Groups with lower KAP levels should be provided with more information and support to promote appropriate disease prevention practices.
Markers of coagulation dysfunction and inflammation in diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19	Varikasuvu,  SR,  Varshney, et al	J Thromb Thrombolysis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	Coagulation dysfunction and inflammatory status were compared between diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19 patients. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed for the difference of inflammatory and hypercoagulability markers. The levels of serum ferritin (standardized mean difference-SMD: 0.47, CI 0.17-0.77, p = 0.002), C-reactive protein (SMD = 0.53, CI 0.20-0.86, p = 0.002), interleukin-6 (SMD = 0.31, CI 0.09-0.52, p = 0.005), fibrinogen (SMD = 0.31, CI 0.09-0.54, p = 0.007) and D-dimers (SMD = 0.54, CI 0.16-0.91, p = 0.005) were significantly higher in diabetic COVID-19 cases as compared to non-diabetic COVID-19 patients, suggesting more susceptibility of diabetic COVID-19 patients to coagulation dysfunction and inflammatory storm.
PMC7462779; Initial Impact and Operational Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic by American Radiation Oncology Practices	Wakefield,  DV,  Sanders, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	The American Society for Radiation Oncology surveyed US radiation oncology practice leaders to gauge initial impact and immediate operational responses to the pandemic. The clinical and financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on US radiation oncology were deep and broad. Despite reported shortages in personal protective equipment, declines in revenue, and reduced patient volumes, practices adapted quickly by refining standard processes of care, implementing recommended safety measures, and employing telemedicine to facilitate treatment continuity. Patients with higher risk disease experienced uninterrupted access to care.
Low high-density lipoprotein level is correlated with the severity of COVID-19 patients: an observational study	Wang,  G,  Zhang, et al	Lipids Health Dis	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The purpose of the study is to describe the blood lipid levels of 228 patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to analyze the correlation between blood lipid levels and the prognosis of COVID-19 patients in China. HDL-C level was lower in COVID-19 adult patients, and low HDL-C in COVID-19 patients was correlated with a higher risk of developing severe events.
Serological Responses to Human Virome Define Clinical Outcomes of Italian Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2	Wang,  Limin,  Candia, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Immunology | Immunologie	We studied 159 hospitalized Italian patients with pneumonia from the NIAID-NCI COVID-19 Consortium using a phage-display method to characterize circulating antibodies binding to 93,904 viral peptides encoded by 1,276 strains of human viruses. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a marked increase in individual’s immune memory antibody repertoires linked to trajectories of disease severity from the longitudinal analysis also including anti-spike protein antibodies. By applying a machinelearning-based strategy, we developed a viral exposure signature predictive of COVID-19-related disease severity linked to patient survival.
Evaluation of COVID-19 coagulopathy; laboratory characterization using thrombin generation and nonconventional haemostasis assays	White,  D,  MacDonald, et al	Int J Lab Hematol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Platelet poor plasma of 34 patients with noncritical COVID‐19 was compared with 75 patients with critical COVID‐19 (as defined by WHO criteria) in a retrospective study. Critical patients had significantly increased fibrinogen, CRP, interleukin‐6 and D‐dimer compared to noncritical patients. Thrombin generation, in critical patients, was right shifted without significant differences in peak, velocity index or endogenous thrombin potential.
Older Adults' Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic:A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Stresses and Joys	Whitehead,  BR,  Torossian, et al	Gerontologist	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The present study explores older adults’ reports of what about the pandemic is stressful, and what brings joy and comfort in the midst of stress. Qualitative analysis revealed 20 stress categories and 21 joy/comfort categories. The most commonly reported stressors were confinement/restrictions, concern for others, and isolation/loneliness; the most commonly reported sources of joy/comfort were family/friend relationships, digital social contact, and hobbies.
Comorbidity indices in people with HIV and considerations for coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes	Winston,  A,  De Francesco, et al	Aids	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We aim to determine comorbidity indices in people with HIV (PWH) and lifestyle-similar HIV-negative controls. The Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI), Charlson Comorbidity Index and the Comorbidity Burden Index were compared between older PWH and HIV-negative controls. While all three indices were significantly higher in PWH than in controls (P < 0.001 for each), the magnitude of the differences between the two groups were small to medium.
EPAC regulates von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells in a PI3K/eNOS-dependent manner during inflammation	Xiao,  Jie,  Zhang, et al	bioRxiv	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique Animal model | Modèle animal	Coagulopathy is associated with both inflammation and infection, including infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).  To assess whether exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) could regulate vWF release during inflammation, we utilized our EPAC1-null mouse model and revealed an increased secretion of vWF in endotoxemic mice in the absence of the EPAC1 gene.  Our data delineate a novel regulatory role of EPAC1 in vWF secretion and shed light on potential development of new strategies to controlling thrombosis during inflammation.
Robust neutralization assay based on SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudovirus and ACE2-overexpressing BHK21 cells	Xiong,  HL,  Wu, et al	Emerg Microbes Infect	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique Vaccine Research| Recherche sur les vaccins Immunology | Immunologie	In this study, a G protein-deficient vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVdG) bearing a truncated spike protein (S with C-terminal 18 amino acid truncation) was compared to that bearing the full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and showed much higher efficiency. A neutralization assay was established based on VSV-SARS-CoV-2-Sdel18 pseudovirus and hACE2-overexpressing BHK21 cells (BHK21-hACE2 cells). The serum neutralizing titer measured by the VSV-SARS-CoV-2-Sdel18 pseudovirus assay has a good correlation with that measured by the wild type SARS-CoV-2 assay. Seven neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein were obtained. This efficient and reliable pseudovirus assay model could facilitate the development of new drugs and vaccines.
Evaluation of Orthogonal Testing Algorithm for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies	Xu,  G,  Emanuel, et al	Clin Chem	Diagnostics / Pathogen detection| Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes Immunology | Immunologie	We evaluated an orthogonal testing algorithm (OTA) to improve test specificity in these use cases. A two-step OTA was applied where individuals who initially tested positive were tested with a second test. The first-line test resulted in a clinical sensitivity of 96.4% (95% CI; 82.3% to 99.4%), and specificity of 99.0% (95% CI; 94.7% to 99.8%), whereas the second-line test had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI; 87.7% to 100%) and specificity of 98.4% (95% CI; 94.2% to 99.5%).
Quantitative proteomic analysis of the tizoxanide effect in vero cells	Yamamoto,  KA,  Blackburn, et al	Sci Rep	Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	Here, we study the response of Vero cells to TIZ treatment and unveil possible mechanisms for its antimicrobial effect, using a label-free proteomic approach (LC/MS/MS) analysis to compare the proteomic profile between untreated- and TIZ-treated cells. The broad antimicrobial range of TIZ points towards its overall effect in lowering cell metabolism and RNA processing and modification. The decreased levels of FASN, HNRNPH and HNRNPK with the treatment appear to be important for antiviral activity.
Assess the impacts of human mobility change on COVID-19 dynamics in Arizona, U.S.: a modeling study incorporating Google Community Mobility Reports	Yamamoto,  N,  W	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	In this paper, we aimed to examine the COVID-19 situation in Arizona and assess the impact of human mobility change. Our simulations showed that by reducing human mobility, the peak time was delayed, and the final size of the epidemic was decreased in all three regions. Our analysis suggests that rapid and effective decision making is crucial to control human mobility and, therefore, COVID-19 epidemics.
MFL_COVID19: Quantifying Country-based Factors affecting Case Fatality Rate in Early Phase of COVID-19 Epidemic via Regularised Multi-task Feature Learning	Yang,  P,  Q	ArXiv	Modelling/ prediction| Modélisation/prédiction Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	In the paper, we propose a novel regularized multi-task learning (ML) based factor analysis approach for quantifying country-based factors affecting CFR in early phase of COVID-19 epidemic. We formulate the prediction of CFR progression as a ML regression problem with observed CFR and other countries-based factors. Our model was evaluated in a COVID-19 dataset containing 12 countries across the world and 17 provinces in China. The results show that we explored each indicator’s correlation and calculated its weight under current missing, sparse and insufficient data
The Prognostic Value of the SOFA Score in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective, Observational Study	Yang,  Z,  H	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and relationship between the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. The median SOFA score of all patients was 2 (IQR, 1-3). Patients with severe COVID-19 exhibited a significantly higher SOFA score than patients with mild COVID-19 [3 (IQR, 2-4) vs 1 (IQR, 0-1); P<0.001]. Regarding the 60-day mortality rates of patients in the two groups classified by the optimal cutoff value of the SOFA score (5), patients in the high SOFA score group (SOFA score ≥5) had a significantly greater risk of death than those in the low SOFA score group (SOFA score <5).
Family members' concerns about relatives in long-term care facilities: Acceptance of visiting restriction policy amid the COVID-19 pandemic	Yeh,  TC,  Huang, et al	Geriatr Gerontol Int	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study aimed to explore family members' concerns for their relatives during the lockdown period, assess their level of acceptance of the visiting restriction policy and determine the associated factors. The most common concerns of the family members for their relatives were psychological stress (38.5%), followed by nursing care (26.9%) and daily activity (21.1%). Nearly 84.6% of those interviewed accepted the visiting restriction policy, and a higher satisfaction rating independently associated with acceptance of the visiting restriction policy (odds ratio 2.15).
Health equity considerations in COVID-19: geospatial network analysis of the COVID-19 outbreak in the migrant population in Singapore	Yi,  H,  Ng, et al	J Travel Med	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	The study examined the networks of nonwork-related activities among migrant workers in Singapore, to inform the development of lockdown exit strategies and future pandemic preparedness. Social and geospatial networks of migrant workers should be considered in the implementation of lockdown exit strategies while addressing the improvement of living conditions and monitoring systems. Essential services, like remittance and grocery shopping at affordable prices, need to be provided near to dormitories to minimize excess gatherings.
Association between population density and infection rate suggests the importance of social distancing and travel restriction in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic	Yin,  Heliang,  Sun, et al	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Public health interventions*| Interventions de santé publique	We collected data from official webpages of cities in China and in the US. We calculated the morbidity and population density of cities and regions in these two countries. We then examined the relationship between the morbidity and other factors. Our analysis indicated that the population density in cities in Hubei province was associated with a higher percentage of morbidity, with an r value of 0.62. Similarly, in the US, the density of 51 states and territories is also associated with morbidity from COVID-19 with an r value of 0.55. In contrast, as a control group, there is no association between the morbidity and population density in 33 other regions of China. Our data support the importance of such as social distancing and travel restriction in the prevention of COVID-19 spread.
The impact of the "low molecular weight heparin" administration on the clinical course of COVID-19 disease	Yormaz,  B,  ErgÜn, et al	Turk J Med Sci	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	This study aimed to investigate the clinical impact of a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) treatment on the clinical course of COVID-19. Ninety-six patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between April and May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The multivariable analysis showed that the count of lymphocytes, D-dimer, and CRP levels were significantly improved in the LMWH group, as compared to the control group.
Comprehensive Gastroenterology Endoscopy Unit Workflow and Infection Prevention during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience with 159 Cases in Wuhan, China	Yu,  Q,  Xu, et al	Dig Endosc	Healthcare Response | Réponse des soins de santé	During the COVID‐19 pandemic, between February and March 2020, 159 endoscopic examinations and treatments were performed, including emergency endoscopy for 17 patients. Among these, 7 patients were either previously infected with or were suspected carriers of the virus. Using the control measures, we did not encounter a single case of cross‐infection or infection among the patients or staff. The presented protocols may provide valuable insight regarding how to protect gastroenterology endoscopy units during the novel coronavirus disease pandemic.
Health service inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic among elderly people living in large urban and non-urban areas in Florida, US	Yu,  Xinhua	medRxiv	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie	This study examined urban and non-urban inequalities in health services among COVID-19 patients aged 65 or above in US Florida from March 2 to May 27, 2020. For elderly people living in US Florida, those who living in small metropolitan or rural areas were less likely to receive adequate health care than those who living in large or medium metropolitan areas during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Intracellular autoactivation of TMPRSS11A, an airway epithelial transmembrane serine protease	Zhang,  C,  Zhang, et al	J Biol Chem	Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Therapeutics| Thérapeutique	In this study, we examined the mechanism underlying the activation cleavage of TMPRSS11A that converts the one-chain zymogen to a two-chain enzyme. By expression in human embryonic kidney 293, esophageal EC9706, and lung epithelial A549 and 16HBE cells, Western blotting, and site-directed mutagenesis, we found that the activation cleavage of human TMPRSS11A was mediated by autocatalysis. We also showed that TMPRSS11A was able to cleave the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These findings provide new insights into the diverse mechanisms in regulating TTSP activation.
A Study of Two Cases Co-Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus	Zhang,  R,  Chen, et al	Virol Sin	Clinical data| Données cliniques	Here, we followed up the clinical data and treatment of two COVID-19 patients diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
PMC7471641; SARS-CoV-2 binds platelet ACE2 to enhance thrombosis in COVID-19	Zhang,  S,  Liu, et al	J Hematol Oncol	Clinical data| Données cliniques Coronavirology| Coronavirologie Animal model | Modèle animal	Using platelets from healthy volunteers, non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients, as well as wild-type and hACE2 transgenic mice, we evaluated the changes in platelet and coagulation parameters in COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that COVID-19 patients present with increased mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet hyperactivity, which correlated with a decrease in overall platelet count. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the blood stream was associated with platelet hyperactivity in critically ill patients. Our findings uncovered a novel function of SARS-CoV-2 on platelet activation via binding of Spike to ACE2. SARS-CoV-2-induced platelet activation may participate in thrombus formation and inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients.
Depression and Psychological-Behavioral Responses Among the General Public in China During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Survey Study	Zhang,  W,  Yang, et al	J Med Internet Res	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	A cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was conducted from February 11 to 16, 2020, in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. A self-administrated smartphone questionnaire based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and psychological and behavioral responses was distributed to the general public. We found the general public suffered from high levels of depression during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, COVID-19–related mood management and social support should be provided to attenuate depression in the general public.
Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Critical COVID-19	Zhao,  Q,  J	Research Square prepub	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	This paper summarizes and analyses the clinical characteristics of patients with critical COVID-19 to improve clinicians' understanding of this disease. Critical COVID-19 is mainly characterized by low or moderate fever, cough and sputum and often occurs in people with chronic disease.Chest CT showed multiple patchy ground-glass opacities and consolidation. For critically ill patients, it is important to monitor interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CD4/CD8 ratio. Early treatment involves thymalfasin, immunoglobulin and other immune-enhancing treatments, and a large dose of ulinastatin can reduce plasma levels of inflammatory factors.
99mTc-Leukocyte Scintigraphy Revealed Viral Pulmonary Infection in a COVID-19 Patient	Zheng,  J,  Liu, et al	Clin Nucl Med	Clinical data| Données cliniques	This case demonstrates that leukocyte uptake in bilateral lungs could reveal viral pulmonary infection in COVID-19. Tc-leukocyte scintigraphy was performed on a 40-year-old woman with spiking fevers.
The Attitude towards Preventive Measures and Knowledge of COVID-19 Inpatients with Severe Mental Illness in Economically Underdeveloped Areas of China	Zhu,  JH,  Li, et al	Psychiatr Q	Public Health response| Interventions de santé publique	This study examined hospitalized SMI patients’ attitude and knowledge towards the COVID-19 infection. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in five psychiatric hospitals located in Gansu province. Patients’ attitude towards preventive measures and knowledge of COVID-19 were measured by a self-report questionnaire. Most hospitalized SMI patients in economically underdeveloped areas in China showed positive attitudes towards COVID-19 preventive measures. However, public health education on COVID-19 relevant knowledge by mental health professionals was inadequate to reduce the risk of transmission and infection.
PMC7269959; Evaluation of organ function in patients with severe COVID-19 infections	Zhu,  Y,  Du, et al	Med Clin (Barc)	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	The purpose of our study was to assess organ function in 102 patients with severe COVID-19 infections, using retrospective clinical analysis. The results showed that there were different degrees of damage to the liver, kidneys, blood coagulation, and heart function in the non-survival group.
PMC7471640; Dynamic changes on chest CT of COVID-19 patients with solitary pulmonary lesion in initial CT	Zhuang,  Y,  Lin, et al	Jpn J Radiol	Epidemiology| Épidémiologie Clinical data| Données cliniques	Twenty-two COVID-19 patients with solitary pulmonary lesion from three hospitals in China were enrolled from January 18, 2020 to March 18, 2020. The clinical feature and laboratory findings at first visit, as well as characteristics and dynamic evolution of chest CT images were analyzed. The chest CT features are related to the course of COVID-19 disease, and dynamic chest CT scan are helpful to monitor disease progress and patients’ condition.
Proposed Algorithm for Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients	Adams,  E,  Broce, et al	Ann Vasc Surg	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A systematic review	Ahmed,  Mubbasheer,  Advani, et al	EClinicalMedicine	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR:  searched four medical databases to encompass studies characterizing MIS-C from January 1st, 2020 to July 25th, 2020. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome is a new pediatric disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is dangerous and potentially lethal. With prompt recognition and medical attention, most children will survive but the long-term outcomes from this condition are presently unknown.
Current View on Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19 Treatment: A Systematic Review and Prospective Meta-Analysis Based on Previous Respiratory Pandemics	Aviani,  Jenifer Kiem,  Halim, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: PubMed and Google scholars database were used to collect publications up to June 6, 2020. CPT offers an easier and safer application during this pandemic, particularly when specific vaccines and medications are not yet available.
The Impetus of COVID -19 in Multiple Organ Affliction apart from Res-piratory Infection: Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Measures and Current Treatment Strategy	Baby,  B,  Devan, et al	Infect Disord Drug Targets	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Telemedicine in COPD: An Overview by Topics	Barbosa,  MT,  Sousa, et al	Copd	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
The psychosocial impact of flu influenza pandemics on healthcare workers and lessons learnt for the COVID-19 emergency: a rapid review	Barello,  S,  Falcó-Pegueroles, et al	Int J Public Health	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	Rapid Review: searched the PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and SCOPUS databases. First search was conducted on 13 March 2020, and the last search was conducted on 24 April 2020. Studies suggested to invest on preventive psychological, social, family and physical support and to guaranteeing reasonable work conditions and others in order to protect HCWs from the long-lasting psychological effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2: Let's Stick to Known Knowns	Baumgarth,  N,  Nikolich-Žugich, et al	J Immunol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
PMC7467108; Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2	Bhatt,  A,  Arora, et al	J Environ Chem Eng	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
PMC7455793; An overview of current COVID-19 clinical trials and ethical considerations editorial	Boserup,  B,  McKenney, et al	Ann Med Surg (Lond)	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Efforts towards a COVID-19 vaccine	Brüssow,  H	Environ Microbiol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
PMC7451091; Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers and the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis	Caldeira,  D,  Alves, et al	Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: METHODS: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection were searched in June 2020 for controlled studies. ACEi/ARB exposure does not seem to increase the risk of having the SARS-CoV-2 infection or developing severe stages of the disease including mortality.
How can nanotechnology help to combat COVID-19? Opportunities and urgent need	Campos,  EVR,  Pereira, et al	J Nanobiotechnology	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Race-Related Differences in Thrombogenicity: An Explanation for Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes?	Chaudhary,  Rahul,  Bliden, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Clinical Evidence and Biomarkers Linking Allergy and Acute or Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children: a Systematic Review	De Corso,  E,  Lucidi, et al	Curr Allergy Asthma Rep	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR: screened primarily by Ovid Medline and EMBASE and from other sources (PubMed Central, Cochrane review, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) and published from January 2000 to April 2020. The evidence suggests that allergy may lead to overall impairment of mechanical and immunological defense function of the nasal mucosa against viruses and that anti-allergy treatment may significantly decrease the number and severity of upper respiratory tract infections including common colds in children.
The role of Connected Health technologies in supporting families affected by paediatric cancer: A Systematic Review	Delemere,  E,  Maguire, et al	Psychooncology	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR: PsycINFO, Pubmed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched. While limited studies have evaluated the impact of CH on families living with paediatric cancer, emerging evidence suggests potential benefits.
PMC7471638; The effect of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV) during pregnancy and the possibility of vertical maternal-fetal transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Diriba,  K,  Awulachew, et al	Eur J Med Res	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library until the end of April. Coronavirus infection is more likely to affect pregnant women. Respiratory infectious diseases have demonstrated an increased risk of adverse maternal obstetrical complications than the general population due to physiological changes occurred during pregnancy.
Review of Ebola virus disease in children - how far have we come?	Dixit,  D,  Masumbuko Claude, et al	Paediatr Int Child Health	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Coronavirus disease 2019 and cardiovascular implications	Frattini,  S,  Maccagni, et al	J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Review of different clinical scenarios in patients with cardiovascular disease in the era of the coronavirus pandemic	Grabowski,  M,  Ozierański, et al	Pol Arch Intern Med	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Rapid response to pandemic threats: immunogenic epitope detection of pandemic pathogens for diagnostics and vaccine development using peptide microarrays	Heiss,  K,  Heidepriem, et al	J Proteome Res	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Coronaviruses and stress: from cellular to global	Hightower,  LE,  Santoro, et al	Cell Stress Chaperones	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Characteristics of COVID-19 recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Hoang,  Tung	medRxiv	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: This study aimed to examine the characteristic of repositive COVID-19 cases by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. It is recommended to pay attention to follow-up patients after discharge, even if they have been in quarantine.
Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry and WayForward	Jadhav,  NV,  Singh, et al	Infect Disord Drug Targets	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Supporting the resilience and retention of frontline care workers in care homes for older people: A systematic scoping review and thematic synthesis	Johnston,  Lucy,  Malcolm, et al	medRxiv	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	ScR: MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, MedRxiv, CINAHL, ASSIA, Social Science Premium were searched for literature published between 2010 and 2020
Urinary Viral Shedding of COVID-19 and its Clinical Associations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies	Kashi,  AH,  De la Rosette, et al	Urol J	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: review of published literature between 30th December 2019 and 21st June 2020 was conducted on Pubmed, Google Scholar, Ovid, Scopus, and ISI web of science. While COVID-19 is rarely detected in urine of infected individuals, infection transmission through urine still remains possible. In adult patients, infected urine is more likely in the presence of moderate or severe disease.
Managing rheumatic diseases during COVID-19	Ladani,  AP,  Loganathan, et al	Clin Rheumatol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
"Occupational dermatoses from Personal Protective Equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in the tropics - A Review"	Lee,  HC,  Goh, et al	J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Clinical manifestations and maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19	Li,  W,  Yu, et al	Am J Reprod Immunol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Clinical characteristics, cause analysis and infectivity of COVID-19 nucleic acid re-positive patients: A literature review	Li,  Y,  Ji, et al	J Med Virol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Covid-19: Hydrocortisone can be used as alternative to dexamethasone, review finds	Mahase,  E	Bmj	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Anticipating COVID-19-related stigma in survivors and healthcare workers: lessons from previous infectious diseases outbreaks; an Integrative Literature Review	Muhidin,  S,  Vizheh, et al	Psychiatry Clin Neurosci	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Inhibitors of Type II transmembrane serine proteases in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory tract - A review of patent literature	Murza,  A,  Dion, et al	Expert Opin Ther Pat	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Expert Opinions on the Current Therapeutic Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Japan IBD COVID-19 Taskforce, Intractable Diseases, the Health and Labor Sciences Research	Nakase,  H,  Matsumoto, et al	Digestion	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Lung Ultrasound Point-of-View in Pediatric and Adult COVID-19 Infection	Norbedo,  S,  Blaivas, et al	J Ultrasound Med	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Coronaviruses and Endocrine System: a Systematic Review on Evidences and Shadows	Parolin,  M,  Parisotto, et al	Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR: Only few data are available for COVID-19 and gonads and endocrine pancreas seem to be involved.
Poverty and food insecurity can increase as threats of COVID-19 spreads	Pereira,  M,  Oliveira, et al	Public Health Nutr	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Interdisciplinary Information for Infectious Disease Response: Exercising for Improved Medical/Public Health Communication and Collaboration	Popescu,  S,  Myers, et al	Disaster Med Public Health Prep	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Managing rheumatoid arthritis during COVID-19	Roongta,  R,  Ghosh, et al	Clin Rheumatol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Beneficial and Harmful Outcomes of Tocilizumab in Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	Rubio-Rivas,  Manuel,  Mora-Lujan, et al	medRxiv	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: PubMed (via MEDLINE), Scopus, and medRxiv repository databases from 1 January to 21 August 2020. TCZ to seem beneficial in preventing in-hospital mortality in severe, non-critically ill COVID-19 patients. Conversely, patients receiving TCZ appear to be at higher risk for secondary infections, especially those admitted to ICU.C
Has Covid-19 Gone Viral? An Overview of Research by Subject Area	Ruiz-Real,  J,  Nievas-Soriano, et al	Health Educ Behav	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Randomized Controlled Trials of Remdesivir in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	Sarfraz,  Azza,  Sarfraz, et al	medRxiv	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA:  a review was conducted from January 1 2020 until 25 August 2020  using MEDLINE, Scopus, and CINAHL Plus. Our findings suggest that remdesivir extends clinical benefits by reducing mortality, adverse events and oxygen support in moderate to severely ill COVID-19 patients. Concerted efforts and further randomized placebo-controlled trials are warranted to examine the potency of anti-viral drugs and immune-pathological host responses contributing to severity of COVID-19.
Transition of a Large Tertiary Heart Failure Program in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes That Will Endure	Sayer,  G,  Horn, et al	Circ Heart Fail	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
COVID-19: Indian Society of Neuroradiology (ISNR) Consensus Statement and Recommendations for Safe Practice of Neuroimaging and Neurointerventions	Sebastian,  LJD,  Ahuja, et al	Neuroradiol J	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Review of the efforts of the Japanese Society of Echocardiography for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the initial outbreak in Japan	Seo,  Y,  Daimon, et al	J Echocardiogr	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
D-dimer levels on admission and all-cause mortality risk in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis	Simadibrata,  DM,  Lubis, et al	Epidemiol Infect	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	MA:  papers published from database conception to 24 May 2020 in four databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases). On-admission D-dimer levels showed a promising prognostic role for predicting all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients, elevated D-dimer levels were associated with increased risk of mortality.
Drug repurposing approach to fight COVID-19	Singh,  TU,  Parida, et al	Pharmacol Rep	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis	Sze,  Shirley,  Pan, et al	medRxiv	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: searched all English language articles published 1st December 2019 - 30th June 2020 within MEDLINE, EMBASE, PROSPERO and the Cochrane library. Black, Asian and Hispanic ethnic groups are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Black individuals may be more likely to require ICU admission for COVID-19. There may also be disparities in risk of death from COVID-19 at a population level.
Anticoagulant interventions in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A scoping review of randomized controlled trials and call for international collaboration	Tritschler,  T,  Mathieu, et al	J Thromb Haemost	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	ScR: World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform was searched on June 17, 2020. Several trials evaluate different dose regimens of anticoagulant interventions in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Since these trials compete for sites and study participants, a collaborative effort is needed to complete trials faster, conduct pooled analyses and bring effective interventions to patients more quickly.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Genitourinary Cancer Care: Re-envisioning the Future	Wallis,  CJD,  Catto, et al	Eur Urol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Operational Considerations for Physical Therapy During COVID-19: A Rapid Review	Wittmeier,  K,  Parsons, et al	Phys Ther	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	Rapid Review: rapid review was conducted over a 4-week time frame (April-May 2020).   The evidence presented within this review can be used to inform facility-based and regional planning efforts during the current COVID-19 pandemic and in general preparedness planning
COVID-19 outbreak: history, mechanism, transmission, structural studies and therapeutics	Yesudhas,  D,  Srivastava, et al	Infection	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Hydroxychloroquine use and progression or prognosis of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis	Zang,  Y,  Han, et al	Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: Pubmed, Biorxiv, ChiCTR, Clinicalrials.gov , and the Cochrane library of RCTs were searched for studies published from inception to June 1, 2020. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that there was no robust evidence to support prescribing HCQ as a treatment for COVID-19.
Challenges and potential for improving the druggability of podophyllotoxin-derived drugs in cancer chemotherapy	Zhao,  W,  Cong, et al	Nat Prod Rep	Review Literature| Revue de littérature
Incidence and mortality risk in coronavirus disease 2019 patients complicated by acute cardiac injury: systematic review and meta-analysis	Zuin,  M,  Rigatelli, et al	J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)	Review Literature| Revue de littérature	SR-MA: searched MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science to locate all articles published up to 10 April 2020. Development of ACI during COVID-19 significantly increases the risk of death during the infection.
PMC7462967; Opportunities in Telemedicine, Lessons Learned After COVID-19 and the Way Into the Future	Abdel-Wahab,  M,  Rosenblatt, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Protective Role of Glutathione Against Peroxynitrite-Mediated DNA Damage During Acute Inflammation	Ahmed,  N,  Chakrabarty, et al	Chem Res Toxicol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Letter: An International Investigation Into the COVID-19 Pandemic and Workforce Depletion in Highly Specialized Neurointerventional Units - Insights From Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry and Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group	Alawieh,  A,  Al Kasab, et al	Neurosurgery	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Response to Almalki et al.: Resuming endoscopy services during the COVID-19 pandemic	Almadi,  MA,  Aljebreen, et al	Saudi J Gastroenterol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coordinated and sustained immune memory responses after mild COVID-19	Alrubayyi,  A	Nat Rev Immunol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Strategies for exiting COVID-19 lockdown for workplace and school: a scoping review protocol	Angelo,  Daniela,  Coclite, et al	medRxiv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Disability Rights During COVID-19: Emergency Law and Guidelines in England	Antova,  I	Med Law Rev	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7141703; Lessons Learned From the Coronavirus Health Crisis in Madrid, Spain: How COVID-19 Has Changed Our Lives in the Last 2 Weeks	Arango,  C	Biol Psychiatry	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
In Reply: Safety Considerations for Neurosurgical Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Assietti,  R,  Calloni, et al	Neurosurgery	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Football and COVID-19 risk: correlation is not causation	Ayoub,  F,  Sato, et al	Clin Microbiol Infect	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
In preparation for a COVID-19-influenza double epidemic	Balakrishnan,  Vijay Shankar	The Lancet Microbe	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 vaccines: early success and remaining challenges	Bar-Zeev,  Naor,  Inglesby, et al	The Lancet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Cooperative efforts on developing vaccines and therapies for COVID-19 Cooperative efforts for COVID-19	Basso,  Fernanda Gisele,  de Paulo, et al	bioRxiv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Effects of Covid-19 outbreak on stroke admissions in Brescia, Lombardy, Italy	Benussi,  A,  Premi, et al	Eur J Neurol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The enigmatic COVID-19 pandemic	Bhatia,  R,  Abraham, et al	Indian J Med Res	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Seeking an ethical theory for the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak with special reference to Bangladesh's law and policy	Bhuiyan,  Asma	Dev World Bioeth	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus disease 2019 in Rome: was it circulating before December?	Birtolo,  LI,  Maestrini, et al	J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Who Are the Essential and Frontline Workers?	Blau,  FrancineD,  Koebe, et al	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Vulnerability, Interdependence and Trust in the COVID-19 Pandemic	Blauwet,  C,  Brashler, et al	Pm r	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Serological tests for COVID-19	Bond,  K,  Williams, et al	Med J Aust	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Acute hepatitis caused by asymptomatic COVID-19 infection	Bongiovanni,  M,  Zago, et al	J Infect	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Cutaneous manifestations of viral outbreaks	Bothra,  A,  Maheswari, et al	Australas J Dermatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Social distancing and COVID-19: an unprecedented active transport public health opportunity	Brooks,  JHM,  Tingay, et al	Br J Sports Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The promise and pitfalls of composite endpoints in sepsis and COVID-19 clinical trials	Brown,  PM,  Rogne, et al	Pharm Stat	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Please don't forget about us: The need for patient-centered care for people with kidney disease and are high-risk for poor COVID-19 outcomes	Browne,  T,  Grandinetti, et al	Am J Transplant	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7472394; Blood type A associated with critical COVID-19 and death in a Swedish cohort-a critical comment	Bullerdiek,  J	Crit Care	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The Russian vaccine for COVID-19	Burki,  Talha Khan	The Lancet Respiratory Medicine	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Acceptance: We May Need to Choose Our Battles	Buttenheim,  AM	Ann Intern Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
An expression of concern on research during the Covid-19 pandemic	Calcaterra,  G,  Bassareo, et al	J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7467866; Small-scale gold mining and the COVID-19 pandemic: Conflict and cooperation in the Brazilian Amazon	Calvimontes,  J,  Massaro, et al	Extr Ind Soc	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Duel of emergency scoring systems in COVID-19 patient	Canakci,  ME,  Cetin, et al	Acad Emerg Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462877; Injuries From Asymptomatic COVID-19 Disease: New Hidden Toxicity Risk Factors in Thoracic Radiation Therapy	Cella,  L,  Gagliardi, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Comment on: Favipiravir, an antiviral for COVID-19?	Chachaima-Mar,  J,  Pérez-Castilla, et al	J Antimicrob Chemother	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Social distancing and cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic	Chan,  WL,  Ho, et al	BMJ Support Palliat Care	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Is India missing COVID-19 deaths?	Chatterjee,  Patralekha	The Lancet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7467905; The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: policy and technology impact on health and non-health outcomes	Chiara,  B,  Marcello, et al	Health Policy Technol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The Next Pandemic: Supporting COVID-19 Frontline Doctors Through Film Discussion	Chow,  C,  Shahdadpuri, et al	J Med Humanit	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462794; COVID-19: A Catalyst for Change for UK Clinical Oncology	Coles,  CE,  Choudhury, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Management of patients with melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers in the coronavirus disease 2019 era	Conforti,  C,  di Meo, et al	Chin Med J (Engl)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
How to deal with a temporary suspension and restarting your trial: our experiences and lessons learnt	Constable,  L,  Davidson, et al	Trials	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
[Ethical dimensions of prevention and planning in assisted-living facilities during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (Covid-19): a public health emergency.]	Coronado-Vázquez,  V,  Castro-Martín, et al	Rev Esp Salud Publica	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The vascular side of COVID-19 disease. Position paper of the International Union of Angiology	Costanzo,  L,  Failla, et al	Int Angiol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 qPCR testing in women admitted for delivery in Spain: Is universal testing worthy?: A commentary	Cubo,  AM,  Villalba-Yarza, et al	Arch Gynecol Obstet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Mavrilimumab for severe COVID-19 – Authors' reply	De Luca,  Giacomo,  Cavalli, et al	The Lancet Rheumatology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Efficacy of Tocilizumab for treatment of severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: more evidence is needed	De Oliveira,  B,  Mallat, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 exacerbates violence against health workers	Devi,  Sharmila	The Lancet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7455169; Human dignity and cross-border migrants in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic	Dhungana,  N	World Dev	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Is a step-down antiretroviral therapy necessary to fight severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in HIV-infected patients?	Di Biagio,  A,  Taramasso, et al	Aids	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and Children With Diabetes-Updates, Unknowns, and Next Steps: First, Do No Extrapolation	DiMeglio,  LA,  Albanese-O'Neill, et al	Diabetes care	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Reflections on assessment in the wake of change from the COVID-19 pandemic	Douglas Reid,  M,  Sam, et al	Med Educ	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
5G Technologies Based Remote E-Health: Architecture, Applications, and Solutions	Duan,  W,  J	ArXiv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Care Aides Working Multiple Jobs: Considerations for Staffing Policies in Long-Term Care Homes During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic	Duan,  Y,  Iaconi, et al	J Am Med Dir Assoc	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Reaching Invisible and Unprotected Workers on Farms during the Coronavirus Pandemic	Dudley,  MJ	J Agromedicine	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and cardiovascular risk: Flying toward a silent world?	Dutheil,  F,  Baker, et al	J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
SARS-CoV-2 infection, oxidative stress and male reproductive hormones: can testicular-adrenal crosstalk be ruled-out?	Dutta,  S,  Sengupta, et al	J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Histamine release theory and roles of antihistamine in the treatment of cytokines storm of COVID-19	Eldanasory,  OA,  Eljaaly, et al	Travel Med Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 Coagulopathy with Superior Mesenteric Vein Thrombosis Complicated by an Ischaemic Bowel	Fan,  BE,  Chang, et al	Hamostaseologie	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Posters of the 2020 American Association of Neuroscience Nurses Annual Meeting: The Year There Was No Wall on Which to Hang Them	Fecske,  E	J Neurosci Nurs	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462926; Clinical Research in the Time of COVID-19	Felix,  C	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Treatments in Covid-19 patients with pre-existing metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A potential threat for drug-induced liver injury?	Ferron,  PJ,  Gicquel, et al	Biochimie	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and Slums: A Pandemic Highlights Gaps in Knowledge About Urban Poverty	Friesen,  J,  Pelz, et al	JMIR Public Health Surveill	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7468317; Protection barrier in colonoscopy to prevent transmission through feces in times of COVID-19	Fuentes,  C,  Parra, et al	VideoGIE	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and systemic therapies in psoriasis: experience of a tertiary hospital in Madrid	Fulgencio-Barbarin,  J,  Puerta-Peña, et al	Int J Dermatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462881; Meeting the Challenge of Scientific Dissemination in the Era of COVID-19: Toward a Modular Approach to Knowledge-Sharing for Radiation Oncology	Fuller,  CD,  van Dijk, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial	Furtado,  RemoHM,  Berwanger, et al	The Lancet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Does a host restriction factor facilitate entry of SARS-CoV-2?	Gea-Mallorquí,  E	Nat Rev Immunol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
National Psoriasis Foundation COVID-19 Task Force Guidance for Management of Psoriatic Disease During the Pandemic: Version 1	Gelfand,  JM,  Armstrong, et al	J Am Acad Dermatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462891; Multicenter Clinical Cancer Research After COVID-19: A Perspective From NRG Oncology	Gensheimer,  MF,  Yom, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic's impact on maternal mental health and questionable healthcare services in rural India	Ghosh,  A,  Sarkar, et al	Int J Health Plann Manage	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Comment on ‘Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry’ by Gianfrancesco et al. Disease activity, rather than glucocorticoi	Giollo,  A,  Bertoldo, et al	Ann Rheum Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462896; Propelling a New Era of Patient Education into Practice-Cancer Care Post-COVID-19	Giuliani,  M,  Papadakos, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motor neuron disease services and mortality in Scotland	Glasmacher,  SA,  Larraz, et al	J Neurol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Obesity, COVID-19 and Innate Immunometabolism	Gleeson,  LE,  Roche, et al	Br J Nutr	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462934; Modernization of Board Certification in Radiation Oncology: Opportunities Following COVID-19	Goodman,  CR,  Campbell, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7471588; Proposed mechanism for increased COVID-19 mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis	Grace,  JA,  Casey, et al	Hepatol Int	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Reconsidering assumptions of adolescent and young adult SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics	Guilamo-Ramos,  V,  Benzekri, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The shifting preferences of patients and physicians in nonsurgical hair loss treatment	Gupta,  AK,  Quinlan, et al	J Cosmet Dermatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Will SARS-CoV-2 prevention efforts affect the coming influenza season in the United States and northern hemisphere?	Hadler,  JL	J Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Decline in emergency medical service missions during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the fifth largest city in Germany	Hagebusch,  P,  Naujoks, et al	Intern Emerg Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The Global Health Security index and Joint External Evaluation score for health preparedness are not correlated with countries' COVID-19 detection response time and mortality outcome	Haider,  N,  Yavlinsky, et al	Epidemiol Infect	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Lung Transplantation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Safely Navigating the New "Normal"	Halpern,  SE,  Olaso, et al	Am J Transplant	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Corrigendum to: Descriptive analysis of social determinant factors in urban communities affected by COVID-19	Harlem,  G	J Public Health (Oxf)	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Invasive Fungal Disease complicating COVID-19: when it rains it pours	Hoenigl,  M	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462868; Wait and Hurry Up: Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Hoffman,  KE	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Plasma exchange in critically ill COVID-19 patients improved inflammation, microcirculatory clot formation, and hypotension, thereby improving clinical outcomes: fact or fiction?	Honore,  PM,  Barreto Gutierrez, et al	Crit Care	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Radiation oncology during COVID-19: Strategies to avoid compromised care	Horsley,  PJ,  Back, et al	Asia Pac J Clin Oncol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The comparison of REMS and MEWS for COVID-19 patients under 65 years of age	Hu,  H,  Yao, et al	Acad Emerg Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Rheumatic disease activity, glucocorticoid use and COVID-19. Response to: ‘Comment on ‘Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported re	Hyrich,  KL,  Gianfrancesco, et al	Ann Rheum Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: Government faces criticism over £500m plan to pilot mass testing	Iacobucci,  G	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: an update on the pathophysiology	Izzedine,  H,  Jhaveri, et al	Nephrol Dial Transplant	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Lung ultrasound in the COVID-19 pandemic	Jackson,  K,  Butler, et al	Postgrad Med J	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Pregnant women's perceptions of risks and benefits when considering participation in vaccine trials	Jaffe,  E,  Lyerly, et al	Vaccine	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and hypertension - is the HSP60 culprit for the severe course and worse outcome?	Jakovac,  H	Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies	Jeyanathan,  M,  Afkhami, et al	Nat Rev Immunol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7472403; Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version)	Jin,  YH,  Zhan, et al	Mil Med Res	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462790; No Talent Left Behind: A Silver Lining for Diversity in Radiation Oncology in the Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Era	Kamran,  SC,  Yerramilli, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Retinopathy of Prematurity Practice: An Indian Perspective	Katoch,  D,  Singh, et al	Indian Pediatr	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Adherence to medication in patients with rheumatic diseases during COVID-19 pandemic	Khabbazi,  A,  Kavandi, et al	Ann Rheum Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Estimating the COVID-19 Risk during the Hajj Pilgrimage	Khan,  A,  Bieh, et al	J Travel Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Mavrilimumab for severe COVID-19	Khan,  Adil Rashid,  Soneja, et al	The Lancet Rheumatology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19: A Strong Call for Remote Medicine In IBD	Khorshid,  M,  Bakheet, et al	J Dig Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education	Kirk,  LE,  Mitchell, et al	Med J Aust	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462933; Virtual Connectivity During Quarantine: The Role of Social Media for Radiation Oncology During COVID-19	Knoll,  MA,  Chowdhary, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Vapur: A Search Engine to Find Related Protein -- Compound Pairs in COVID-19 Literature	Köksal,  A,  Dönmez, et al	ArXiv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Sex and Gender Issues for Individuals with Acquired Brain Injury During COVID-19: A Commentary	Kolakowsky-Hayner,  S,  Goldin, et al	Arch Phys Med Rehabil	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Storm of soluble immune checkpoints associated with disease severity of COVID-19	Kong,  Y,  Wang, et al	Signal Transduct Target Ther	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
In Reply: Telemedicine in Neurosurgery: Lessons Learned From a Systematic Review of the Literature for the COVID-19 Era and Beyond	Kosgi,  S,  Rahman, et al	Neurosurgery	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Reply to Letter to the Editor: Elevated Liver Biochemistries in Hospitalized Chinese Patients With Severe COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	Kovalic,  AJ,  Huang, et al	Hepatology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Revascularization in COVID-19 patients with renal infarction	Kow,  CS,  Hasan, et al	Am J Transplant	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Migrant carers in Europe in times of COVID-19: a call to action for European health workforce governance and a public health approach	Kuhlmann,  E,  Falkenbach, et al	Eur J Public Health	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Tuberculosis During Covid-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Opportunities	Kumar,  P,  Goyal, et al	Indian Pediatr	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19	Lamontagne,  F,  Agoritsas, et al	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Implications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic for sexual behaviours of men who have sex with men	Latini,  A,  Donà, et al	HIV Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape	Le,  TT,  Cramer, et al	Nat Rev Drug Discov	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus reinfections: three questions scientists are asking	Ledford,  H	Nature	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462777; Less Is More During COVID 19	Leeman,  JE,  Nguyen, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7303658; Innovation in Ambulatory Care of Heart Failure in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019	Leiva,  O,  Bhatt, et al	Heart Fail Clin	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Factors Associated with Nursing Homes' Late Participation in COVID-19 Reporting	Li,  Y,  Fang, et al	J Am Geriatr Soc	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia	Logunov,  DenisY,  Dolzhikova, et al	The Lancet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
SARS-CoV-2 ORF9c: a mysterious membrane-anchored protein that regulates immune evasion?	Lu,  F	Nat Rev Immunol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 vaccine trials in Africa	Makoni,  Munyaradzi	The Lancet Respiratory Medicine	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
US university workers fight a return to campus as COVID-19 cases grow	Marris,  E	Nature	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
SARCOMA EUROPEAN & LATIN AMERICAN NETWORK (SELNET) RECOMMENDATIONS ON PRIORITIZATION IN SARCOMA CARE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC	Martin-Broto,  J,  Hindi, et al	Oncologist	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Response to: 'Implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection for patients with rheumatic disease' by Lin et al	Mathian,  A,  Amoura, et al	Ann Rheum Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: UK studies find gastrointestinal symptoms are common in children	Mayor,  S	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
We need better evidence on non-drug interventions for covid-19	McCartney,  M	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462789; COVID-19-An Opportunity for Optimizing Surveillance Protocols During and Beyond the Pandemic: HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer as an Example of Response-Based Local Surveillance	McDowell,  L,  Ng, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Response to post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms: a post-infectious entity?	Miglis,  MG,  Goodman, et al	Clin Microbiol Infect	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Letter: Dismantling the Apocalypse Narrative: The Myth of the COVID-19 Stroke	Miller,  A,  Segan, et al	Neurosurgery	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462968; Scholarly Publishing in the Wake of COVID-19	Miller,  RC,  Tsai, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462932; Delaying Dilemmas: Coronavirus Complications Impacting the Management of Prostate Cancer	Mohamad,  O,  Roach, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a challenge of continental proportions	Monteiro de Oliveira,  M,  Fuller, et al	Nat Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Rheumatologists in the COVID-19 era: will there be a new role for the rheumatologist in the care of rheumatic patients?	Morales-Torres,  J,  Aceves-Ávila, et al	Clin Rheumatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Immunosenescence and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development	Nalin,  D	J Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Call to avert acceleration of COVID-19 from India's Sabarimala pilgrimage of 25 million devotees	Nayar,  KR,  Koya, et al	J Travel Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Can lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic help define a strategy for global pediatric radiology education?	Nicholas,  JL,  Bass, et al	Pediatr Radiol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Asymptomatic SARS Coronavirus 2 infection: Invisible yet invincible	Nikolai,  LA,  Meyer, et al	Int J Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Team Alex at CLEF CheckThat! 2020: Identifying Check-Worthy Tweets With Transformer Models	Nikolov,  A,  D	ArXiv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Preparing for a pandemic: highlighting themes for research funding and practice-perspectives from the Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R)	Norton,  A,  Sigfrid, et al	BMC Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Azithromycin for severe COVID-19	Oldenburg,  CatherineE,  Doan, et al	The Lancet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
[The timing of continuous renal replacement therapy in severe COVID-19]	Pan,  PH,  Song, et al	Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Functions of Filamentous and Non-Filamentous Vimentin	Patteson,  AE,  Vahabikashi, et al	Bioessays	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Legal agreements: barriers and enablers to global equitable COVID-19 vaccine access	Phelan,  AlexandraL,  Eccleston-Turner, et al	The Lancet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7467657; Light in the midst of chaos: COVID-19 and female political representation	Piazza,  KS,  Diaz, et al	World Dev	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Education and treatment adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Response to: 'Adherence to medication in patients with rheumatic diseases during COVID-19 pandemic' by Khabbazi et al	Pineda-Sic,  R,  Serna-Peña, et al	Ann Rheum Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Implementation of an on-demand app-based heart rate and rhythm monitoring infrastructure for the management of atrial fibrillation through teleconsultation: TeleCheck-AF	Pluymaekers,  Naha,  Hermans, et al	Europace	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The Challenges of Program Accreditation Decisions in 2021 for the ACMGE Review Committee for Surgery	Potts,  JR,  3, et al	J Surg Educ	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Mavrilimumab for severe COVID-19	Pourhoseingholi,  Mohamad Amin,  Shojaee, et al	The Lancet Rheumatology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The unresolved paradox	Priyanka,  Choudhary,  OP, et al	Travel Med Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462453; Dataset of knowledge, attitude, practices and psychological implications of healthcare workers in Pakistan during COVID-19 pandemic	Qasim,  M,  Awan, et al	Data Brief	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Re-purposing humanoid robots for patient care in COVID-19 pandemic	R,  LB,  Keri, et al	Int J Health Plann Manage	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Fit testing of N95 or P2 masks to protect health care workers	Regli,  A,  von Ungern-Sternberg, et al	Med J Aust	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and HIV spotlight the U.S. imperative for permanent affordable housing	Riley,  ED,  Hickey, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19: more than a cytokine storm	Riva,  G,  Nasillo, et al	Crit Care	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Functional capacity assessment in COVID-19 patients	Rivera-Lillo,  G,  Torres-Castro, et al	Eur J Phys Rehabil Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Rapid upscale of depot buprenorphine (CAM2038) in custodial settings during the early COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales, Australia	Roberts,  J,  White, et al	Addiction	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Accumulating evidence suggests anti-TNF therapy needs to be given trial priority in COVID-19 treatment	Robinson,  PhilipC,  Richards, et al	The Lancet Rheumatology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Viral Infections: Implications for COVID-19	Rocha,  JLM,  de Oliveira, et al	Stem Cell Rev Rep	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Oromucosal immunomodulation as clinical spectrum mitigating factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection	Rodríguez,  F,  Alba-Domínguez, et al	Scand J Immunol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Tackling Another COVID-19 Pandemic Disparity - Distance from Major Academic Medical Centers Encumbers Emergency and Critical Care Physician Surge Capacity	Rodriguez,  RM	Acad Emerg Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Impact of COVID-19 on cancer care: A survey from the French Society of Pediatric Oncology (SFCE)	Rouger-Gaudichon,  J,  Gariazzo, et al	Pediatr Blood Cancer	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Pre-registration nursing students' provision of safe care - are we leaving too much to chance?	Ryan,  L,  Jackson, et al	J Clin Nurs	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7472408; Treatment with angiotensin II in COVID-19 patients may not be beneficial	Rysz,  S,  Jalde, et al	Crit Care	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Special section: COVID-19 among people living with HIV	Saag,  M	Aids	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Protecting newborn infants during the COVID-19 pandemic should be based on evidence and equity	Sacks,  E,  Sripad, et al	Acta Paediatr	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7467844; COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis: Predisposition and Precautions in Treatment	Sadeghmousavi,  S,  Rezaei, et al	SN Compr Clin Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
[Measures to be implemented on back to school in the Covid-19 period.]	Santana-Cabrera,  L,  Santana-Cabrera, et al	Rev Esp Salud Publica	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Assessment of pulmonary surfactant in COVID-19 patients	Schousboe,  P,  Wiese, et al	Crit Care	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462962; An Ounce of Prevention and a Pound of Cure: Randomized Clinical Trials of Therapeutics Against COVID-19 and an Assessment of Personal Protective Equipment and Distancing	Sher,  DJ	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462874; Residency Interviews in Radiation Oncology After COVID-19: Perspectives From Recently Matched Applicants	Sherry,  AD,  Rooney, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7471636; Progress in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 and the role of surgeons in the front line of the pandemic	Shi,  YJ,  Wang, et al	Surg Today	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Selective inhibition of thromboinflammation in COVID-19 by Btk inhibitors	Siess,  W,  Hundelshausen, et al	Platelets	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Emergent tracheostomy during the pandemic of COVID-19: Slovenian National Recommendations	Šifrer,  R,  Urbančič, et al	Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462894; Lessons From COVID-19: Addressing Health Equity in Cancer Care	Siker,  ML,  Deville, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Melatonin as a putative protection against myocardial injury in COVID-19 infection	Simko,  F,  Hrenak, et al	Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Therapeutic delivery: industry update covering June 2020	Simpson,  I	Ther Deliv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462889; MRI in Radiation Oncology After the COVID-19 Pandemic	Singer,  L,  Marques, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 Pandemic and Angina Pectoris: What If the Pain Pathway Is Pharmaceutically Modulated?	Siniorakis,  E,  Arvanitakis, et al	Pain Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
An outbreak of acute hemorrhagic papules on the posterior neck in children during the COVID-19 pandemic	Smith,  A,  Polcari, et al	Pediatr Dermatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
A locally sustainable approach to COVID-19 testing in Africa	Songok,  Elijah	The Lancet Microbe	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 Control: Disrupting Doctor-Patient Relationships	Spece,  RG	SSRN- Lancet prepublication	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Therapy of Sars-Coronavirus-2 pneumonia: is there an optimal IL-6 cut-off for successful tocilizumab treatment?	Squillace,  N,  Pozzi, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Letter to the Editor (COVID-19 and Stroke)	Steiner,  NE	J Neurosci Nurs	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
T cells in COVID-19 - united in diversity	Swadling,  L,  Maini, et al	Nat Immunol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 pandemic and medical publication	Takagi,  H	Eur J Clin Invest	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Bringing Physical Physics Classroom Online -- Challenges of Online Teaching in the New Normal	Tan,  DY,  C	ArXiv	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19: interpreting scientific evidence - uncertainty, confusion and delays	Tang,  JW	BMC Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Covid-19: CDC says vaccine is coming before November US election	Tanne,  JH	Bmj	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7471589; Clinical trials in urological oncology: COVID-19 and the potential need for a new perspective	Teh,  J,  O'Connor, et al	World J Urol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7462965; Future of Alternative Payment Models and Big Data Analytics in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Implications for Radiation Oncology	Thaker,  NG,  Rewari, et al	Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19: a new lens for non-communicable diseases	The,  Lancet	The Lancet	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
We're on our own	Thorp,  HH	Sci Transl Med	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus: a shift in focus away from IFN response and towards other inflammatory targets	Thoutam,  A,  Breitzig, et al	J Cell Commun Signal	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus diaries: give your brain a break from science busywork, it deserves it	Tregoning,  J	Nature	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Money down the drain: predatory publishing in the COVID-19 era	Vervoort,  D,  Ma, et al	Can J Public Health	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and suicide in older adults	Wand,  APF,  Peisah, et al	Med J Aust	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Suggestions for maintaining the functioning of plastic clinics during COVID-19 pandemic	Wang,  HC,  Li, et al	J Cosmet Dermatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The psychosocial risk of being 'extremely vulnerable' during Covid-19 and the role of behaviour activation	Webb,  L	J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Training in Neurology: Rapid implementation of cross-institutional neurology resident education in the time of COVID-19	Weber,  DJ,  Albert, et al	Neurology	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Correction to: Learning from the past: did experience with previous epidemics help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 among spine surgeons worldwide?	Weiner,  JA,  Swiatek, et al	Eur Spine J	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Confronting hidden COVID-19 burden: a telemedical solution for elective urological outpatient clinics	Westhofen,  T,  Magistro, et al	Infection	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 and fungal infection: the need for a strategic approach	White,  PL,  Dhillon, et al	The Lancet Microbe	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
COVID-19 as a Stressor: Pandemic Expectations, Perceived Stress, and Negative Affect in Older Adults	Whitehead,  BR	J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
[Intervention timing of invasive mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of severe COVID-19]	Xia,  JG,  Li, et al	Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
[Immune imbalance and immunoregulatory treatment of COVID-19]	Xie,  LX,  Xie, et al	Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Common pediatric respiratory infectious diseases may serve as an early predictor for SARS-CoV-2 new wave of infections	Yang,  DD,  Ouldali, et al	Clin Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The impact of aging and COVID-19 on our immune system: a high-resolution map from single cell analysis	Yang,  J,  Li, et al	Protein Cell	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
[Postinflammatroy pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19: the current status and perspective]	Zhan,  X,  Liu, et al	Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Management of haemophilia patients in the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience in Wuhan and Tianjin, two differently affected cities in China	Zhang,  A,  Liu, et al	Haemophilia	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
PMC7468535; Encrypted monument: The birth of crypto place on the blockchain	Zhao,  B,  Huang, et al	Geoforum	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
The novel application of tourniquet for reducing medical device-related pressure on ears	Zhao,  X,  Liu, et al	J Am Acad Dermatol	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Rationing of civilian COVID-19 vaccines while supplies are limited	Zimmerman,  RK,  South-Paul, et al	J Infect Dis	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
[Recommendation of respiratory rehabilitation for PICS in critically ill patients with COVID-19]		Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Taking lessons from trail running into the clinic and beyond		Vet Rec	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial
Coronavirus research updates: Powerful new evidence links steroid treatment to lower deaths		Nature	Commentary/Editorial| Commentaire/Éditorial

Appendix: Process and definitions. 

A daily search for new publications is conducted in PubMed, Scopus, BioRxiv and MedRxiv, SSRN, Research Square, arXiv for all publications related to COVID-19 disease or SARS-CoV-2 using the search terms (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR "novel CoV" OR "novel coronavirus" OR nCoV) adapted to each database.  The capture is cross-referenced with publication announcements on the COVID-19 dashboards set up by a number of publishers and google.  Publishers include Lancet, Elsevier, The New England Journal of Medicine, BMJ, Wiley, Springer Nature, ChinaCDCweekly. Additionally the database is cross-referenced with other literature scans e.g. WHO publication list and activities by collaborators.  Members of the Emerging Sciences group develop 1 -2 point summaries of each publication. Please email Lisa Waddell for additional information: Lisa.Waddell@canada.ca.  References are compiled in a reworks database that has citations since the beginning of the outbreak.  All references can be accessed at this link and by the categories listed below.  The daily scan has also been compiled in an excel sheet and copies can be provided upon request or accessed here.

Category Definitions:

Modelling/ prediction: Predictive modeling is a process that uses data mining and probability to forecast outcomes. Each model is made up of a number of predictors, which are variables that are likely to influence future results.

Epidemiology: the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. Includes Ro, attack rates, case number doubling time, case fatality rate, serial interval, clinical attack rate, asymptomatic fraction, proportion of asymptomatic and infective*

Transmission: The passage of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host to an uninfected host via direct or indirect routes.

Clinical data of cases: Includes clinical parameters such as incubation period, latent period, period of communicability, duration of illness, duration of hospitalization, host risk factors, as well as clinical profiles of patients; presenting symptoms, symptoms over course of illness, sequelae, comorbidities.* 

Surveillance: Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data.  Surveillance data will likely be number of cases suspected/confirmed, number of deaths, number recovered. *

Coronavirology: All research relating to the virus; its characteristics, genetic make-up, phylogenetic analyses

Diagnostics / Pathogen detection:  All studies on identification of the virus; culture, PCR, antibody/antigen tests etc.

Therapeutics: Studies of substances that may be used to treat infected hosts including passive immunization products.

Vaccine Research:  Studies of vaccine candidates to prevent infection with 2019-nCoV including clinical trials.

Public Health Priorities: These citations will focus on what the current research priorities are and/or where knowledge gaps exist.

Public Health interventions*: Any study evaluating how effective a public health intervention is or maybe (in the case of a predictive model).

Public Health response: These papers are typically overviews of past and current activities, they often also identify knowledge gaps and suggest future activities or objectives.

Infection Prevention and Control/ Prévention et contrôle des infections (IPAC/PCI): Any research on the effectiveness of IPC interventions should also be tagged as IPC

Health care Response: This foci would include a description of activities to deal with 2019-nCoV cases including, but not limited to:  set up of a special emergency multi-disciplinary intensive care team; Bed and medical equipment preparation/ stock piling supplies; Education and training of staff; Early case recognition and classification of disease severity.

Economics: papers discussing/ forecasting the economics of COVID-19 pandemic.

Immunology:

Animal Model:

Zoonotic: all literature discussing the transmission to and from or occurrence of naturally acquired SARS-COV-2 infection in animals.

Review Literature:  All articles that summarize the published literature can be tagged as a review.  This includes systematic review, meta-analysis, scoping review, overviews, umbrella reviews*

Commentary/Editorial: For commentaries, editorials, letters to the editor, other types of opinion pieces where there is no new data collected by the author or analysis conducted by the author, please tag these within the commentary category.

News articles that have not scientific information.

*Lists are not exhaustive

Annexe: Processus et définitions. 

Une recherche quotidienne des nouvelles publications est effectuée dans PubMed, Scopus, BioRxiv and MedRxiv, SSRN, Research Square, arXiv pour toutes les publications relatives à la maladie COVID-19 ou au SRAS-CoV-2 en utilisant les termes de recherche (COVID-19 OU SARS-CoV-2 OU « novel CoV » OU « novel coronavirus » OU nCoV).  La saisie renvoie à des annonces de publication sur les tableaux de bord du nCoV mis en place par un certain nombre d'éditeurs et par Google.  Parmi les éditeurs figurent Lancet, Elsevier, The New England Journal of Medicine, BMJ, Wiley, Springer Nature, ChinaCDCweekly.  En outre, la base de données renvoie à d'autres survols de publications, e.g. la liste des publications de l'OMS, et à des activités des collaborateurs.  Les membres du groupe scientifique émergent préparent des résumés en 1 ou 2 points de chaque publication. Pour en savoir plus, veuillez envoyer un courriel à Lisa Waddell au : Lisa.Waddell@canada.ca.  Les références sont compilées dans une base de données Refworks qui contient des citations depuis le début de l'épidémie.  Toutes les références sont accessibles à partir de ce lien et par les catégories énumérées ci-dessous. L'analyse quotidienne a également été compilée dans une feuille Excel et des copies peuvent être fournies sur demande ou consultées ici.

Définitions des catégories :

Modélisation / prédiction : La modélisation prédictive est un processus qui utilise l'exploration de données et la probabilité pour prévoir les résultats. Chaque modèle est composé de plusieurs prédicteurs, qui sont des variables susceptibles d'influencer les résultats futurs.

Épidémiologie : Branche de la médecine qui traite de l'incidence, de la répartition et du contrôle éventuel des maladies et d'autres facteurs liés à la santé. Comprend le taux de reproduction de base (Ro), les taux d'attaque, le temps de doublement du nombre de cas, le taux de létalité, l'intervalle sériel, le taux d'attaque clinique, la fraction asymptomatique, la proportion de cas asymptomatiques et infectieux*.

Transmission : Passage d'un agent pathogène causant une maladie transmissible d'un hôte infecté à un hôte non infecté par des voies directes ou indirectes.

Données cliniques des cas : Comprend les paramètres cliniques tels que la période d'incubation, la période de latence, la période de contagiosité, la durée de la maladie, la durée de l'hospitalisation, les facteurs de risque de l'hôte, ainsi que les profils cliniques des patients; les symptômes présentés, les symptômes au cours de la maladie, les séquelles, les comorbidités.* 

Surveillance : La surveillance de la santé publique est la collecte, l'analyse et l'interprétation continues et systématiques de données relatives à la santé.  Les données de surveillance concerneront probablement le nombre de cas suspects / confirmés, le nombre de décès, le nombre de personnes guéries. *

Coronavirologie : Toutes les recherches relatives au virus, ses caractéristiques, sa constitution génétique et les analyses phylogénétiques.

Diagnostics / Détection d'agents pathogènes : Toutes les études sur l'identification du virus : culture, PCR, tests de dépistage d'anticorps ou d’antigènes, etc.

Thérapeutique : Étude des substances pouvant être utilisées pour traiter les hôtes infectés, y compris les produits d'immunisation passive.

Recherche sur les vaccins : Études des candidats à la vaccination pour prévenir l'infection par le 2019-nCoV, y compris des essais cliniques.

Priorités de santé publique : Ces citations porteront sur les priorités actuelles de recherche et/ou sur les lacunes dans les connaissances.

Interventions de santé publique* : Toute étude évaluant l'efficacité (réelle ou possible) d'une intervention de santé publique (dans le cas d'un modèle prédictif).

Réponse de la santé publique : Ces articles sont généralement des aperçus des activités passées et actuelles, qui identifient souvent les lacunes dans les connaissances et suggèrent des activités ou des objectifs futurs.

Prévention et contrôle des infections/Infection Prevention and Control (PCI/IPAC) : Les recherches sur l'efficacité des interventions en PCI doivent également être marquées comme PCI.

Réponse des soins de santé : Ce point comprendrait une description des activités pour traiter les cas de 2019-nCoV, notamment :  mise en place d'une équipe multidisciplinaire spéciale de soins intensifs d'urgence; préparation des lits et des équipements médicaux / stockage des fournitures; sensibilisation et formation du personnel; reconnaissance précoce des cas et classification de la gravité de la maladie.

Immunologie :

Modèle animal:

Zoonotic: all literature discussing the transmission to and from or occurrence of naturally acquired SARS-COV-2 infection in animals.

Économie: documents discutant / prévoyant l'économie de la pandémie de COVID-19

Revue de la documentation :  Tous les articles qui résument les documents publiés peuvent être marqués comme une revue.  Cela comprend les revues systématiques, les méta-analyses, les études de la portée, les aperçus, les examens généraux*.

Commentaires/Éditorial : Pour les commentaires, éditoriaux, lettres à la rédaction, autres types d'articles d'opinion pour lesquels aucune nouvelle donnée n'est collectée ou aucune analyse n'est effectuée par l'auteur, veuillez les marquer dans la catégorie des commentaires.

journaux Articles de presse qui n'ont pas d'informations scientifiques.

* Les listes ne sont pas exhaustives